Orotic acid is a minor dietary constituent. Historically it was believed to be part of the vitamin B complex and was called vitamin B13, but it is now known that it is not a vitamin and is synthesized in the body, where it arises as an intermediate in the pathway for the synthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides. Orotic acid is converted to UMP by UMP synthase, a multifunctional protein with both orotate phosphoribosyl transferase and orotidylate decarboxylase activity. The most frequently observed inborn error of pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis is a mutation of the multifunctional protein UMP synthase. As a result, plasma orotic acid accumulates to high concentrations, and increased quantities appear in the urine. Orotic acid levels are elevated in the urea cycle defects ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) deficiency, citrullinemia and argininosuccinic acidemia, as well as the mitochondrial transport disorder hyperornithinemia-hyperammonemia-homocitrullinuria (HHH) syndrome. Orotic acid is also elevated in hereditary orotic aciduria, or uridine monophosphate synthase deficiency, an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by megaloblastic anemia and crystalluria. In addition, orotic acid in combination with leflunomide is in the phase II of clinical trial to evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of a combination in kidney transplant patients with high levels of Polyoma BK viruria for the purpose of preventing polyoma BK viremia and nephropathy, that could lead to kidney transplant loss from viral damage, acute rejection or both.

Felbinac, an active metabolite of fenbufen, is two times more potent than the parent drug. Felbinac is used topically to alleviate pain in the joints and muscles caused by injury or inflammation (Trixam 3% gel or foam). The drug is believed to exert its action by inhibiting COX-2 protein.

Suberic acid, also octanedioic acid, is a dicarboxylic acid, with formula C6H12(COOH)2. It is present in the urine of patients with fatty acid oxidation disorders. A metabolic breakdown product derived from oleic acid. Elevated levels of this unstaruated dicarboxylic acid are found in individuals with medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (MCAD). Suberic acid is also found to be associated with carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase deficiency, malonyl-Coa decarboxylase deficiency, which are also inborn errors of metabolism. Suberic Acid is used in the preparation of reduction-sensitive micelles affecting their cellular uptake. This has potential application in delivery of anticancer drugs. It is also used in the fluorescent detection of amidinium-carboxylate and amidinium formation.

Suberic acid, also octanedioic acid, is a dicarboxylic acid, with formula C6H12(COOH)2. It is present in the urine of patients with fatty acid oxidation disorders. A metabolic breakdown product derived from oleic acid. Elevated levels of this unstaruated dicarboxylic acid are found in individuals with medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (MCAD). Suberic acid is also found to be associated with carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase deficiency, malonyl-Coa decarboxylase deficiency, which are also inborn errors of metabolism. Suberic Acid is used in the preparation of reduction-sensitive micelles affecting their cellular uptake. This has potential application in delivery of anticancer drugs. It is also used in the fluorescent detection of amidinium-carboxylate and amidinium formation.

Carbazochrome Sulfonic Acid is an antihemorrhagic, or hemostatic, agent that will cease blood flow by causing the aggregation and adhesion of platelets in the blood to form a platelet plug, ceasing blood flow from an open wound. It is hoped that this drug can be used in the future for preventing excessive blood flow during surgical operations and the treatment of hemorrhoids, but research on its effectiveness and the severity of possible side effects remains to be fairly inconclusive. Carbazochrome has been investigated for use in the treatment of hemorrhoids in a mixture with troxerutin. Carbazochrome interacts with α-adrenoreceptors on surface of platelets, which are coupled to Gq protein and initiate PLC IP3/DAG pathway to increase intracellular free calcium concentration with these subsequent actions: Activates PLA2 and induce arachidonic acid pathway to synthese endoperoxides (TxA2, thromboxane A2); Calcium binds to calmodulin which then binds and activates myosin light-chain kinase, that will enable the myosin crossbridge to bind to the actin filament and allow contraction to begin. This will change platelet’s shape and induce release of serotonin, ADP, vWF (Von Willebrand factor), PAF (Platelet-activating factor) to promote further aggregation and adhesion. Carbazochrome is usually used to treat bleeding tendency (for example purpura, etc.) caused by attenuation of microvascular resistance, bleeding from skin or mucosa and inner membrane, fundal/renal/uterine bleeding and intraoperative or postoperative abnormal bleeding.

Cloperastine (INN) or cloperastin is an antitussive and antihistamine that is marketed as a cough suppressant in Japan, Hong Kong, and in some European countries. It was first introduced in 1972 in Japan, and then in Italy in 1981. The precise mechanism of action of cloperastine is not fully clear, but several different biological activities have been identified for the drug, of which include: ligand of the gamma1 receptor (Ki = 20 nM) (likely an agonist), GIRK channel blocker (described as "potent"), antihistamine (Ki = 3.8 nM for the H1 receptor), and anticholinergic. Cloperastine possesses dual activity. It also acts as a mild bronchorelaxant and has antihistaminic activity, without acting on the central nervous system or the respiratory center.

Carbazochrome Sulfonic Acid is an antihemorrhagic, or hemostatic, agent that will cease blood flow by causing the aggregation and adhesion of platelets in the blood to form a platelet plug, ceasing blood flow from an open wound. It is hoped that this drug can be used in the future for preventing excessive blood flow during surgical operations and the treatment of hemorrhoids, but research on its effectiveness and the severity of possible side effects remains to be fairly inconclusive. Carbazochrome has been investigated for use in the treatment of hemorrhoids in a mixture with troxerutin. Carbazochrome interacts with α-adrenoreceptors on surface of platelets, which are coupled to Gq protein and initiate PLC IP3/DAG pathway to increase intracellular free calcium concentration with these subsequent actions: Activates PLA2 and induce arachidonic acid pathway to synthese endoperoxides (TxA2, thromboxane A2); Calcium binds to calmodulin which then binds and activates myosin light-chain kinase, that will enable the myosin crossbridge to bind to the actin filament and allow contraction to begin. This will change platelet’s shape and induce release of serotonin, ADP, vWF (Von Willebrand factor), PAF (Platelet-activating factor) to promote further aggregation and adhesion. Carbazochrome is usually used to treat bleeding tendency (for example purpura, etc.) caused by attenuation of microvascular resistance, bleeding from skin or mucosa and inner membrane, fundal/renal/uterine bleeding and intraoperative or postoperative abnormal bleeding.

QS-21 is a purified soapbark tree (Quillaja saponaria) extract that enhances the ability of the immune system to respond to vaccine antigens. QS-21 is a promising adjuvant candidate for use in humans due to the ease of purification, its improved safety profile, and its ability to enhance cellular and humoral immunogenicity. The mechanism of action of QS-21 was speculated to be similar to QA, forming complexes with cholesterol that intercalate into the cell membrane lipids. This intercalation creates pores in the membrane to accelerate the uptake of a co-delivered antigen by the antigen presenting cells. Multiple clinical trials using QS-21 as an adjuvant, demonstrated satisfactory safety profiles and enhanced immunogenicity in immunocompromised volunteers