Leucine is an α-amino acid used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Leucine is an essential hydrophobic amino acid. It is used in the Leucine may be used some people as a supplement to build muscle. Leucine is also found in fish, meat, and poultry. In the pharmaceutical industry, L-leucine is used for parenteral and enteral nutrition and feeding, and is also used as a flavoring product and tablet lubricant in manufacturing. Leucine is an mTOR activator. It is a dietary amino acid with the capacity to directly stimulate muscle protein synthesis. As a dietary supplement, leucine has been found to slow the degradation of muscle tissue by increasing the synthesis of muscle proteins in aged rats. Long-term leucine supplementation does not increase muscle mass or strength in healthy elderly men. Leucine potently activates the mammalian target of rapamycin kinase that regulates cell growth. Infusion of leucine into the rat brain has been shown to decrease food intake and body weight via activation of the mTOR pathway.

Histidine is an essential amino acid. L-histidine is converted to histamine by histidine decarboxylase, a pyridoxal 5'-phosphate-dependent enzyme. The copper(II)–l-histidine (1:2 complex at physiological pH) has been widely used in the treatment of Menkes disease (a genetic neurodegenerative disorder that leads to early death in the children due to impaired copper metabolism) and more recent use has been reported in the treatment of infantile hypertrophic cardioencephalomyopathy (a condition caused by mutations in SCO2, a cytochrome c oxidase assembly gene). CUSTODIOL HTK (Histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate) Solution is indicated for perfusion and flushing of donor kidneys, liver, and heart prior to removal from the donor or immediately after removal from the donor.

Lysing is an essential basic amino-acid encoded by codone AAA and AAG, and used in the biosynthesis of proteins. The daily requirement for lysine is 38 mg/kg body weight. The most rich source of lysine is fish, beef, chicken. In a clinical study lysine supplements was found to be an effective for reduction of occurrence, severity and healing time for recurrent HSV infection, however Cochrane Review concluded that the evidence is insufficient. Lysine was investigated for improving anxiety, ameliorating angina prectoris. Lysine acetylsalicylate has been used to treat pain and to detoxify the body after heroin use. Lysine clonixinate has been used for its analgesic properties for the treatment of migraine headaches and other painful conditions. However, limited clinical trials exist for these conditions.

Isoleucine is an essential α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. L-isoleucine is commonly used in parenteral and enteral nutrition. It is used in combination with the other branched chain amino acids to improve the nutritional status of patients with hepatic diseases. BCAAs serve as important fuel sources for skeletal muscle during periods of metabolic stress

Carfecillin is a phenyl ester of the side-chain carboxyl group of carbenicillin, beta-lactam antibiotic, acting as a prodrug. Upon oral administration, is broken down in the intestinal mucosa to the active antibacterial. It is used for urinary tract infections.

Carfecillin is a phenyl ester of the side-chain carboxyl group of carbenicillin, beta-lactam antibiotic, acting as a prodrug. Upon oral administration, is broken down in the intestinal mucosa to the active antibacterial. It is used for urinary tract infections.

Carfecillin is a phenyl ester of the side-chain carboxyl group of carbenicillin, beta-lactam antibiotic, acting as a prodrug. Upon oral administration, is broken down in the intestinal mucosa to the active antibacterial. It is used for urinary tract infections.

Carfecillin is a phenyl ester of the side-chain carboxyl group of carbenicillin, beta-lactam antibiotic, acting as a prodrug. Upon oral administration, is broken down in the intestinal mucosa to the active antibacterial. It is used for urinary tract infections.

Carfecillin is a phenyl ester of the side-chain carboxyl group of carbenicillin, beta-lactam antibiotic, acting as a prodrug. Upon oral administration, is broken down in the intestinal mucosa to the active antibacterial. It is used for urinary tract infections.

Cephaloglycin, first oral cephalosporin, was introduced in 1965, but is no longer in common use. It is an orally absorbed derivative of cephalosporin C. Cephaloglycin binds to and inactivates penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) located on the inner membrane of the bacterial cell wall. PBPs are enzymes involved in the terminal stages of assembling the bacterial cell wall and in reshaping the cell wall during growth and division. Inactivation of PBPs interferes with the cross-linkage of peptidoglycan chains necessary for bacterial cell wall strength and rigidity. This results in the weakening of the bacterial cell wall and causes cell lysis.