(R)-carvedilol, an enantiomer of the drug carvedilol, which is used in the treatment of mild to moderate congestive heart failure. (R)-carvedilol is an alpha adrenergic receptor blocker. It was shown, that (R)-carvedilol increased sympathetic tone, presumably as a physiological reaction to the decrease in blood pressure caused by alpha-blockade. The weak clinical net effect of beta-blockade of (R, S)-carvedilol at rest might be one reason why this drug causes fewer side effects than other beta-blockers, such as a reduction of nocturnal melatonin release.

(S)-carvedilol, an enantiomer of the drug carvedilol, which is used in the treatment of mild to moderate congestive heart failure. (S)-carvedilol is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptor blocker. It was shown, that only (S)-carvedilol caused beta-blockade. It was suggested, that the weak clinical net effect of beta-blockade of (R, S)-carvedilol at rest could be one reason why this drug causes fewer side effects than other beta-blockers, such as a reduction of nocturnal melatonin release.

Glyceryl 1-phosphate,(S)- or glycerol-1-phosphate is a glycerophosphate backbone of the archeal ether lipids. It results from the reduction of dihydroxyacetone phosphate using NADH (or NADPH) and divalent ions as cofactors. Two different enzymes carry out the condensation of the isoprenoid chains to the glycerophosphate backbone in archea. The first ether linkage that brings together glycerol-1-phosphate and geranylgeranyl diphosphate is catalyzed by a cytoplasmic protein geranylgeranylglyceryl diphosphate (GGGP) synthase.