Cinnamyl alcohol (CAL, 3-phenyl-2-propen-1-ol) is found mostly in esterized form as a natural component in cinnamon oil obtained from the bark of the Cylonese cinnamon tree. Furthermore, (esterized) CAL is a component of the balsam of Peru from Myroxylon pereirae, of Styrax (balsam) from the wood of Liquidambar orientalis Miller or Liquidambar styraciflua L. and further plant extracts. The regulatory status of CAL includes approval (21 CFR 172.515) by the FDA and Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) as flavor ingredient [Number 2294] by the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers
Association. CAL included in the Council of Europe
s list of substances which may be used in foodstuffs. CAL have been reported as common component of food occurring mainly in a wide variety of fruits, vegetables, and spices in varying concentrations. The plant phenolic CAL is used as a fragrance ingredient and has antipyretic and antiproliferative effects. A recent report also demonstrated its vasodilatory activity.

Benzylparaben (BzP), a type of parabens being used as a preservative agent in cosmetics, food, and pharmaceutical products. It is an allergic compound, which was shown to fit well into the agonist pocket of human estrogen receptor α (hERα).

There is not much information about ammonium phenolate. It is known, that this a salt of phenol and it is toxic if swallowed and is toxic in contact with skin.

Omidenepag isopropyl, a prodrug, is hydrolyzed in the eye to the active form (Omidenepag) which functions as a selective, nonprostaglandin, prostanoid EP2 agonist, has been developed by Ube Industries and Santen Pharmaceutical as an ophthalmic solution (EYBELIS®) for the treatment of glaucoma and ocular hypertension. Omidenepag isopropyl increases the outfow of aqueous humor via both the uveoscleral outfow and the trabecular outfow pathways, resulting in potent and stable reduction in intraocular pressure (IOP). In September 2018, omidenepag isopropyl ophthalmic solution 0.002% was approved in Japan for the treatment of glaucoma and ocular hypertension. On September 22, 2022, the FDA approved Santen’s Omlonti (omidenepag isopropyl), for the reduction of elevated intraocular pressure in patients with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension.

p-cresol, also known as also 4-methylphenol, is a unique bacterial metabolite from protein fermentation that is not produced by human enzymes, this metabolites has been frequently used to assess the degree of proteolytic fermentation. Recently investigation showed that p-cresol measurements might help to predict cardiovascular disease risk in renal patients over a wide range of residual renal function, beyond traditional markers of glomerular filtration. In addition, there were studies, which revealed, that urinary p-cresol was elevated in young French children with autism spectrum disorder.

Rosiglitazone acts as a highly selective and potent agonist at peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPAR) in target tissues for insulin action such as adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, and liver. It is FDA approved for the treatment of as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Inhibitors of CYP2C8 (e.g., gemfibrozil) may increase rosiglitazone levels; inducers of CYP2C8 (e.g., rifampin) may decrease rosiglitazone levels. Common adverse reactions include edema, weight gain, and headache.

Arbutamine was indicated to elicit acute cardiovascular responses in order to aid in diagnosing the presence or absence of coronary artery disease in patients who cannot exercise adequately. Arbutamine is a synthetic catecholamine with positive chronotropic and inotropic properties. The chronotropic (increase in heart rate [HR]) and inotropic (increase in force of contraction) effects of arbutamine serve to mimic exercise by increasing cardiac work (producing stress) and provoke myocardial ischemia in patients with compromised coronary arteries. In functional assays, arbutamine is more selective for beta-adrenergic receptors than for alpha-adrenergic receptors. The beta-agonist activity of arbutamine provides cardiac stress by increasing HR, cardiac contractility, and systolic blood pressure.

Indinavir is an antiretroviral drug for the treatment of HIV infection. Indinavir is a protease inhibitor with activity against Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1). Protease inhibitors block the part of HIV called protease. HIV-1 protease is an enzyme required for the proteolytic cleavage of the viral polyprotein precursors into the individual functional proteins found in infectious HIV-1. Indinavir binds to the protease active site and inhibits the activity of the enzyme. This inhibition prevents cleavage of the viral polyproteins resulting in the formation of immature non-infectious viral particles. Protease inhibitors are almost always used in combination with at least two other anti-HIV drugs.

Bitolterol is a beta 2-adrenergic agonist. Since it in itself is biologically inactive, bitolterol is considered a pro-drug. When administered it is activated within the lung by esterase hydrolysis to the active compound colterol catecholamine N-t-butyl-arterenol. Bitolterol was marked under the name tornalate and was indicated to prevent and treat of reversible bronchospasm associated with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases. But that drug was withdrawn from the market by Elan Pharmaceuticals in 2001.