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Restrict the search for
l-glutamine
to a specific field?
Status:
US Approved Rx
(2018)
Source:
ANDA209044
(2018)
Source URL:
First approved in 1991
Source:
ZITHROMAX by PFIZER
Source URL:
Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (ABSOLUTE)
Targets:
Conditions:
Azithromycin is one of the world's best-selling antibiotics, used to treat or prevent certain bacterial infections: Acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis in adults; acute bacterial sinusitis in adults; uncomplicated skin and skin structure infections in adults; urethritis and cervicitis in adults; genital ulcer disease in men; acute otitis media in pediatric patients; community-acquired pneumonia in adults and pediatric patients; pharyngitis/tonsillitis in adults and pediatric patients. Azithromycin should not be used in patients with pneumonia who are judged inappropriate for oral therapy because of moderate to severe illness or risk factors. A team of researchers at the Croatian pharmaceutical company Pliva, discovered azithromycin in 1980. It was patented in 1981. In 1986, Pliva and Pfizer signed a licensing agreement, which gave Pfizer exclusive rights for the sale of azithromycin in Western Europe and the United States. Pliva put its azithromycin on the market in Central and Eastern Europe under the brand name of Sumamed in 1988. Pfizer launched azithromycin under Pliva's license in other markets under the brand name Zithromax in 1991. Azithromycin is a semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic of the azalide class. Like other macrolide antibiotics, azithromycin inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit of the bacterial 70S ribosome. Binding inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with amino acid translocation during the process of translation. Its effects may be bacteriostatic or bactericidal depending of the organism and the drug concentration. Its long half-life, which enables once daily dosing and shorter administration durations, is a property distinct from other macrolides.
Status:
US Approved Rx
(2016)
Source:
ANDA205823
(2016)
Source URL:
First approved in 1991
Source:
ACCUPRIL by PFIZER PHARMS
Source URL:
Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (ABSOLUTE)
Conditions:
Quinapril is the hydrochloride salt of quinapril, the ethyl ester of a non-sulfhydryl, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, quinaprilat. Quinapril hydrochloride is a white to off-white amorphous powder that is freely soluble in aqueous solvents. Quinapril is indicated for the treatment of high blood pressure (hypertension) and as adjunctive therapy in the management of heart failure. It may be used for the treatment of hypertension by itself or in combination with thiazide diuretics, and with diuretics and digoxin for heart failure.
Status:
US Approved Rx
(2007)
Source:
ANDA077670
(2007)
Source URL:
First approved in 1991
Source:
NDA019839
Source URL:
Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (ABSOLUTE)
Conditions:
Sertraline (trade names Zoloft and others) is an antidepressant of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) class. Sertraline is primarily prescribed for major depressive disorder in adult outpatients as well as obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder, and social anxiety disorder, in both adults and children. The exact mechanism of action sertraline is not fully known, but the drug appears to selectively inhibit the reuptake of serotonin at the presynaptic membrane. This results in an increased synaptic concentration of serotonin in the CNS, which leads to numerous functional changes associated with enhanced serotonergic neurotransmission. It is suggested that these modifications are responsible for the antidepressant action observed during long-term administration of antidepressants. It has also been hypothesized that obsessive-compulsive disorder is caused by the dysregulation of serotonin, as it is treated by sertraline, and the drug corrects this imbalance. Compared to other SSRIs, sertraline tends to be associated with a higher rate of psychiatric side effects and diarrhea. It tends to be more activating (that is, associated with a higher rate of anxiety, agitation, insomnia, etc.) than other SSRIs, aside from fluoxetine. Over a two-week treatment of healthy volunteers, sertraline slightly improved verbal fluency but did not affect word learning, short-term memory, vigilance, flicker fusion time, choice reaction time, memory span, or psychomotor coordination. In spite of lower subjective rating, that is, feeling that they performed worse, no clinically relevant differences were observed in the objective cognitive performance in a group of people treated for depression with sertraline for 1.5 years as compared to healthy controls
Status:
US Approved Rx
(2005)
Source:
ANDA077222
(2005)
Source URL:
First approved in 1991
Source:
MONOPRIL by BRISTOL MYERS SQUIBB
Source URL:
Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (ABSOLUTE)
Conditions:
Fosinopril is a phosphinic acid-containing ester prodrug that belongs to the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor class of medications. It is rapidly hydrolyzed to fosinoprilat, its principle active metabolite. Fosinoprilat inhibits ACE, the enzyme responsible for the conversion of angiotensin I (ATI) to angiotensin II (ATII). ATII regulates blood pressure and is a key component of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). Fosinopril may be used to treat mild to moderate hypertension, as an adjunct in the treatment of congestive heart failure, and to slow the rate of progression of renal disease in hypertensive individuals with diabetes mellitus and microalbuminuria or overt nephropathy.
Status:
US Approved Rx
(1991)
Source:
NDA020122
(1991)
Source URL:
First approved in 1991
Source:
NDA020122
Source URL:
Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (ABSOLUTE)
Targets:
Conditions:
Pentostatin, also known as 2’-deoxycoformycin (DCF) under the trade name Nipent, is a potent inhibitor of the enzyme adenosine deaminase and is isolated from fermentation cultures of Streptomyces antibioticus. It was developed by Parke-Davis (now Pfizer) and the National Cancer Institute in the US. Nipent is indicated as single-agent treatment for both untreated and alpha-interferon-refractory hairy cell leukemia patients with active disease as defined by clinically significant anemia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, or disease-related symptoms. Pentostatin is a potent transition state inhibitor of the enzyme adenosine deaminase (ADA). The greatest activity of ADA is found in cells of the lymphoid system with T-cells having higher activity than B-cells, and T-cell malignancies having higher ADA activity than B-cell malignancies. Pentostatin inhibition of ADA, particularly in the presence of adenosine or deoxyadenosine, leads to cytotoxicity, and this is believed to be due to elevated intracellular levels of dATP, which can block DNA synthesis through inhibition of ribonucleotide reductase. Pentostatin can also inhibit RNA synthesis as well as cause increased DNA damage. In addition to elevated dATP, these mechanisms may also contribute to the overall cytotoxic effect of pentostatin. The precise mechanism of pentostatin’s antitumor effect, however, in hairy cell leukemia is not known. In several instances, hepatic toxicity from pentostatin appeared to be somewhat dose related, suggesting that the liver injury is a direct effect of the purine analogue. Because pentostatin is a potent immunosuppressive agent, the possibility exists that some cases of hepatic injury are due to reactivation of hepatitis B or other opportunistic infections. While pentostatin has not been shown to cause reactivation of hepatitis B, there is a strong possibility that it might induce this syndrome, and several cases of hepatic injury during pentostatin therapy were described as due to concurrent hepatitis B.
Status:
US Approved Rx
(2007)
Source:
ANDA065288
(2007)
Source URL:
First approved in 1990
Source:
IDAMYCIN by PFIZER
Source URL:
Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (ABSOLUTE)
Conditions:
Idarubicin is an antineoplastic in the anthracycline class.Idarubicin hydrochloride is a DNA-intercalating analog of daunorubicin which has an inhibitory effect on nucleic acid synthesis and interacts with the enzyme topoisomerase II. The absence of a methoxy group at position 4 of the anthracycline structure gives the compound a high lipophilicity which results in an increased rate of cellular uptake compared with other anthracyclines.Idarubicin possesses an antitumor effect against a wide spectrum of tumors, either grafted or spontaneous. Idarubicin in combination with other approved antileukemic drugs is indicated for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in adults.
Status:
US Approved Rx
(2006)
Source:
ANDA077317
(2006)
Source URL:
First approved in 1990
Source:
DYNACIRC by SMITHKLINE BEECHAM
Source URL:
Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (RACEMIC)
Conditions:
Isradipine (tradenames DynaCirc, Prescal) is a calcium channel blocker of the dihydropyridine class. It is usually prescribed for the treatment of high blood pressure in order to reduce the risk of stroke and heart attack. Except for diuretic activity, the mechanism of which is not clearly understood, the pharmacodynamics effects of isradipine observed in whole animals can also be explained by calcium channel blocking activity, especially dilating effects in arterioles, which reduce systemic resistance and lower blood pressure, with a small increase in resting heart rate. Isradipine binds to calcium channels with high affinity and specificity and inhibits calcium flux into cardiac and arterial smooth muscle cells. It exhibits greater selectivity towards arterial smooth muscle cells owing to alternative splicing of the alpha-1 subunit of the channel and increased prevalence of inactive channels in smooth muscle cells. Although like other dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers, isradipine has negative inotropic effects in vitro; studies conducted in intact anesthetized animals have shown that the vasodilating effect occurs at doses lower than those do which affect contractility. In patients with normal ventricular function, isradipine's afterload reducing properties lead to some increase in cardiac output. Effects in patients with impaired ventricular function have not been fully studied. Most adverse reactions were mild and related to the vasodilatory effects of isradipine (dizziness, edema, palpitations, flushing, tachycardia), and many were transient. About 5% of isradipine patients left studies prematurely because of adverse reactions (vs. 3% of placebo patients and 6% of active control patients), principally due to headache, edema, dizziness, palpitations, and gastrointestinal disturbances.
Status:
US Approved Rx
(1996)
Source:
NDA020578
(1996)
Source URL:
First approved in 1989
Source:
NDA019726
Source URL:
Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (ABSOLUTE)
Targets:
Goserelin is a synthetic decapeptide analogue of LHRH. Goserelin acts as a potent inhibitor of pituitary gonadotropin secretion when administered in the biodegradable formulation. The result is sustained suppression of LH and serum testosterone levels. Goserelin is used to treat hormone-sensitive cancers of the breast (in pre- and peri- menopausal women) and prostate, and some benign gynaecological disorders (endometriosis, uterine fibroids and endometrial thinning). In addition, goserelin is used in assisted reproduction and in the treatment of precocious puberty. Goserelin is marketed under the brand names Zoladex, by AstraZeneca, or goserelin acetate.
Status:
US Approved Rx
(2016)
Source:
ANDA205166
(2016)
Source URL:
First approved in 1989
Source:
CYTOVENE by CHEPLAPHARM
Source URL:
Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (ACHIRAL)
Conditions:
Ganciclovir is a synthetic acyclic nucleoside analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine active against cytomegalovirus. Ganciclovir has been shown to be active against cytomegalovirus (CMV) and herpes simplex virus (HSV) in humans. To achieve anti-CMV activity, ganciclovir is phosphorylated first to the monophosphate form by a CMV-encoded (UL97 gene) protein kinase homologue, then to the di- and triphosphate forms by cellular kinases. Ganciclovir triphosphate concentrations may be 100-fold greater in CMV-infected than in uninfected cells, indicating preferential phosphorylation in infected cells. Ganciclovir triphosphate, once formed, persists for days in the CMV-infected cell. Ganciclovir triphosphate is believed to inhibit viral DNA synthesis by (1) competitive inhibition of viral DNA polymerases; and (2) incorporation into viral DNA, resulting in eventual termination of viral DNA elongation. Ganciclovir is indicated for the treatment of CMV retinitis in immunocompromised patients, including patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and for the treatment of acute herpetic keratitis.
Status:
US Approved Rx
(2002)
Source:
ANDA075713
(2002)
Source URL:
First approved in 1989
Source:
NDA019758
Source URL:
Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (ACHIRAL)
Conditions:
Clozapine was discovered in 1958 by an anesthetist and now it is used for the treatment of schizophrenia. Although the exact mechanism of its action is unknown, the effect of clozapine on schizophrenia is associated with inhibition of dopamine D2 and serotonin 2A receptors.
