Levofloxacin is the L-isomer of the racemate, ofloxacin, a quinolone antimicrobial agent. Levofloxacin is used for oral and intravenous administration. Levofloxacin is sold under brand name levaquin and is used to treat infections in adults (≥18 years of age) caused by designated, susceptible bacteria such as, pneumonia: nosocomial and community acquired; skin and skin structure infections: complicated and uncomplicated; chronic bacterial prostatitis; inhalational anthrax. In addition this drug is used to treat plague; urinary tract infections: complicated and uncomplicated; acute pyelonephritis; acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis and acute bacterial sinusitis. Levofloxacin, like other fluoroquinolones, inhibits the bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication. This results in strand breakage on a bacterial chromosome, supercoiling, and resealing. In addition, levofloxacin inhibits a bacterial type II topoisomerase.

Tizanidine is a short-acting drug for the management of spasticity. Tizanidine is an agonist at a2-adrenergic receptor sites and presumably reduces spasticity by increasing presynaptic inhibition of motor neurons. In animal models, tizanidine has no direct effect on skeletal muscle fibers or the neuromuscular junction, and no major effect on monosynaptic spinal reflexes. The effects of tizanidine are greatest on polysynaptic pathways. The overall effect of these actions is thought to reduce facilitation of spinal motor neurons. Side effects include dizziness, drowsiness, weakness, nervousness, hallucinations, depression, vomiting, dry mouth, constipation, diarrhea, stomach pain, heartburn, increased muscle spasms, back pain, rash, sweating, and a tingling sensation in the arms, legs, hands, and feet.

Ciprofloxacin (1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-7-(1-piperazinyl)-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid) is the synthetic antimicrobial agent for oral or intravenous administration. Ciprofloxacin is a member of the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial agents. The bactericidal action of ciprofloxacin results from inhibition of the enzymes topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) and topoisomerase IV (both Type II topoisomerases), which are required for bacterial DNA replication, transcription, repair, and recombination. Ciprofloxacin is used to treat a wide variety of infections, including infections of bones and joints, endocarditis, gastroenteritis, malignant otitis externa, respiratory tract infections, cellulitis, urinary tract infections, prostatitis, anthrax, and chancroid. In the United States, ciprofloxacin is pregnancy category C. This category includes drugs for which no adequate and well-controlled studies in human pregnancy exist, and for which animal studies have suggested the potential for harm to the fetus, but potential benefits may warrant use of the drug in pregnant women despite potential risks. Fluoroquinolones have been reported as present in a mother's milk and thus passed on to the nursing child. Oral and intravenous ciprofloxacin is approved by the FDA for use in children for only two indications due to the risk of permanent injury to the musculoskeletal system: Inhalational anthrax (postexposure) and Complicated urinary tract infections and pyelonephritis due to Escherichia coli.

Milrinone, a synthetic dimethylxanthine derivative structurally related to theophylline and caffeine, is used in the treatment of peripheral vascular diseases and in the management of cerebrovascular insufficiency, sickle cell disease, and diabetic neuropathy. Milrinone inhibits erythrocyte phosphodiesterase, resulting in an increase in erythrocyte cAMP activity. Subsequently, the erythrocyte membrane becomes more resistant to deformity. Along with erythrocyte activity, Milrinone also decreases blood viscosity by reducing plasma fibrinogen concentrations and increasing fibrinolytic activity. Milrinone is indicated for the treatment of congestive heart failure. Milrinone was marketed under the brand name Primacor.

Nicotine is a natural alkaloid obtained from the dried leaves and stems of the nightshade family of pants, such as Nicotiana tabacum and Nicotiana rustica, where it occurs in concentrations of 0.5-8%. Cigarette tobacco varies in its nicotine content, but common blends contain 15-25 mg per cigarette, with a current trend towards lower levels. Nicotine is highly addictive substance, it exhibits a stimulant effect when adsorbed at 2 mg. Administration of higher doses could be harmful. Action of nicotine is mediated by nicotinic cholinergic receptors. Nicotine binds to the interface between two subunits of the receptors, opens the channel and allows the entry of sodium or calcium. The principal mediator of nicotine dependence is α4β2 nicotine receptor.