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Ochratoxin A—a toxin produced by Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus carbonarius, and Penicillium verrucosum—is one of the most-abundant food-contaminating mycotoxins. It is also a frequent contaminant of water-damaged houses and of heating ducts. Human exposure can occur through consumption of contaminated food products, particularly contaminated grain and pork products, as well as coffee, wine grapes, and dried grapes. The toxin has been found in the tissues and organs of animals, including human blood and breast milk. Ochratoxin A, like most toxic substances, has large species- and sex-specific toxicological differences.
Tenuazonic acid is one of the major Alternaria mycotoxins commonly found as a natural contaminant in food. Tenuazonic acid contamination has been linked to esophageal cancer in human populations at risk of high exposure. Tenuazonic acid inhibits protein synthesis by suppression at the ribosome. Tenuazonic acid was shown to inhibit 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) induced ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity in a mouse model, and in turn suppressed mouse skin tumor promotion. In addition, this compound has been shown to be a new type of Photosystem II inhibitor.
