AZ-960 is a novel inhibitor of janus-associated kinases (JAKs) that exhibits a potent inhibition against janus kinase 2 (JAK2) with the value of inhibition constant of Ki of 0.45 nmol/L. It also exhibits a lesser inhibitory effects against other JAKs family members, including JAK1, JAK3 and TYK2 as well as other kinases, including TrkA, Aurora A and FAK, with 50% inhibition concentration IC50 of around 0.1 umol/L. In recent studies, AZ-960 demonstrates potential anti-cancer activity against adult T-cell leukemia (ATL), an aggressive malignancy of CD4+ T lymphocytes, by effectively inducing growth arrest and apoptosis in human T-cell lumphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infected T cells. AZ-960 potently inhibited the clonogenic growth and induced apoptosis of freshly isolated AML cells from patients in association with cleavage of caspase 3 and downregulation of anti-apoptotic Bcl-xL proteins.

R406 (TAMATINIB) is an ATP-competitive inhibitor of spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk), which plays a key role in the signaling of activating Fc receptors and the B-cell receptor (BCR). R406 blocked Syk-dependent FcR-mediated activation of monocytes/macrophages and neutrophils and BCR-mediated activation of B lymphocytes. R406 was selective as assessed using a large panel of Syk-independent cell-based assays representing both specific and general signaling pathways. Consistent with Syk inhibition, oral administration of R406 to mice reduced immune complex-mediated inflammation in a reverse-passive Arthus reaction and two antibody-induced arthritis models. R406 is the active compound of pro-drug Fostamatinib (R-788). Fostamatinib is being developed by Rigel Pharmaceuticals for the treatment of immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) and IgA nephropathy.

LDC1267 preferentially inhibits TAM tyrosine kinase receptors Tyro3, Axl and Mer at low nanomolarity. LDC1267 conferred therapeutic potential, efficiently enhancing anti-metastatic natural killer (NK) cells activity. In vivo the compound markedly reduced murine mammary cancer and melanoma metastases dependent on NK cells.

Cystine is the oxidized dimer form of the amino acid cysteine. Cystine serves two biological functions, a site of redox reactions and a mechanical linkage that allows proteins to retain their 3-dimensional structure. It is common in many foods such as eggs, meat, dairy products, and whole grains as well as skin, horns and hair. Human hair and skin contain approximately 10–14% cystine by mass. Cysteine supplements are sometimes marketed as anti-aging products with claims of improved skin elasticity. Cysteine is more easily absorbed by the body than cystine, so most supplements contain cysteine rather than cystine. N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) is better absorbed than other cysteine or cystine supplements.

Phenylalanine is a biologically essential amino acid that acts as a precursor to tyrosine and the catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, and tyramine), and is a constituent of many central nervous system neuropeptides. Normal dietary levels of phenylalanine are approximately 1-2 grams daily. Phenylalanine appears in two forms which are identical mirror images of each other: L-phenylalanine, a nutritional supplement, and D-phenylalanine, an effective painkiller and antidepressant due to its ability to inhibit the breakdown of enkephalins, the brain’s natural pain killers.