Hydralazine is a direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent. Hydralazine works by relaxing blood vessels (arterioles more than venules) and increasing the supply of blood and oxygen to the heart while reducing its workload. It also functions as an antioxidant. It inhibits membrane-bound enzymes that form reactive oxygen species, such as superoxides. Excessive superoxide counteracts NO-induced vasodilation. Hydralazine is used for the treatment of essential hypertension, alone or as an adjunct. Also for the management of severe hypertension when the drug cannot be given orally or when blood pressure must be lowered immediately, congestive heart failure (in combination with cardiac glycosides and diuretics and/or with isosorbide dinitrate), and hypertension secondary to pre-eclampsia/eclampsia.

Primaquine is a oral medication used to treat and prevent malaria and to treat Pneumocystis pneumonia. Specifically it is used for malaria due to Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale along with other medications and for prevention if other options cannot be used. Primaquine is an alternative treatment for Pneumocystis pneumonia together with clindamycin. Primaquine is lethal to P. vivax and P. ovale in the liver stage, and also to P. vivax in the blood stage through its ability to do oxidative damage to the cell. However, the exact mechanism of action is not fully understood. Primaquine is well-absorbed in the gut and extensively distributed in the body without accumulating in red blood cells. Administration of primaquine with food or grapefruit juice increases its oral bioavailibity. In blood, about 20% of circulating primaquine is protein-bound, with preferential binding to the acute phase protein orosomucoid. With a half-life on the order of 6 hours, it is quickly metabolized by liver enzymes to carboxyprimaquine, which does not have anti-malarial activity. Common side effects of primaquine administration include nausea, vomiting, and stomach cramps. Primaquine phosphate is recommended only for the radical cure of vivax malaria, the prevention of relapse in vivax malaria, or following the termination of chloroquine phosphate suppressive therapy in an area where vivax malaria is endemic. Patients suffering from an attack of vivax malaria or having parasitized red blood cells should receive a course of chloroquine phosphate, which quickly destroys the erythrocytic parasites and terminates the paroxysm. Primaquine phosphate should be administered concurrently in order to eradicate the exoerythrocytic parasites in a dosage of 1 tablet (equivalent to 15 mg base) daily for 14 days.

Primaquine is a oral medication used to treat and prevent malaria and to treat Pneumocystis pneumonia. Specifically it is used for malaria due to Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale along with other medications and for prevention if other options cannot be used. Primaquine is an alternative treatment for Pneumocystis pneumonia together with clindamycin. Primaquine is lethal to P. vivax and P. ovale in the liver stage, and also to P. vivax in the blood stage through its ability to do oxidative damage to the cell. However, the exact mechanism of action is not fully understood. Primaquine is well-absorbed in the gut and extensively distributed in the body without accumulating in red blood cells. Administration of primaquine with food or grapefruit juice increases its oral bioavailibity. In blood, about 20% of circulating primaquine is protein-bound, with preferential binding to the acute phase protein orosomucoid. With a half-life on the order of 6 hours, it is quickly metabolized by liver enzymes to carboxyprimaquine, which does not have anti-malarial activity. Common side effects of primaquine administration include nausea, vomiting, and stomach cramps. Primaquine phosphate is recommended only for the radical cure of vivax malaria, the prevention of relapse in vivax malaria, or following the termination of chloroquine phosphate suppressive therapy in an area where vivax malaria is endemic. Patients suffering from an attack of vivax malaria or having parasitized red blood cells should receive a course of chloroquine phosphate, which quickly destroys the erythrocytic parasites and terminates the paroxysm. Primaquine phosphate should be administered concurrently in order to eradicate the exoerythrocytic parasites in a dosage of 1 tablet (equivalent to 15 mg base) daily for 14 days.

Promethazine is a phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. Promethazine HCl Oral Solution is useful for: perennial and seasonal allergic rhinitis. Allergic conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens and foods. Anaphylactic reactions, as adjunctive therapy to epinephrine and other standard measures, after the acute manifestations have been controlled. Preoperative, postoperative, or obstetric sedation. Prevention and control of nausea and vomiting associated with certain types of anesthesia and surgery. Therapy adjunctive to meperidine or other analgesics for control of post-operative pain. Active and prophylactic treatment of motion sickness. Antiemetic therapy in postoperative patients.

Promethazine is a phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. Promethazine HCl Oral Solution is useful for: perennial and seasonal allergic rhinitis. Allergic conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens and foods. Anaphylactic reactions, as adjunctive therapy to epinephrine and other standard measures, after the acute manifestations have been controlled. Preoperative, postoperative, or obstetric sedation. Prevention and control of nausea and vomiting associated with certain types of anesthesia and surgery. Therapy adjunctive to meperidine or other analgesics for control of post-operative pain. Active and prophylactic treatment of motion sickness. Antiemetic therapy in postoperative patients.

Promethazine is a phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. Promethazine HCl Oral Solution is useful for: perennial and seasonal allergic rhinitis. Allergic conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens and foods. Anaphylactic reactions, as adjunctive therapy to epinephrine and other standard measures, after the acute manifestations have been controlled. Preoperative, postoperative, or obstetric sedation. Prevention and control of nausea and vomiting associated with certain types of anesthesia and surgery. Therapy adjunctive to meperidine or other analgesics for control of post-operative pain. Active and prophylactic treatment of motion sickness. Antiemetic therapy in postoperative patients.

Promethazine is a phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. Promethazine HCl Oral Solution is useful for: perennial and seasonal allergic rhinitis. Allergic conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens and foods. Anaphylactic reactions, as adjunctive therapy to epinephrine and other standard measures, after the acute manifestations have been controlled. Preoperative, postoperative, or obstetric sedation. Prevention and control of nausea and vomiting associated with certain types of anesthesia and surgery. Therapy adjunctive to meperidine or other analgesics for control of post-operative pain. Active and prophylactic treatment of motion sickness. Antiemetic therapy in postoperative patients.

Promethazine is a phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. Promethazine HCl Oral Solution is useful for: perennial and seasonal allergic rhinitis. Allergic conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens and foods. Anaphylactic reactions, as adjunctive therapy to epinephrine and other standard measures, after the acute manifestations have been controlled. Preoperative, postoperative, or obstetric sedation. Prevention and control of nausea and vomiting associated with certain types of anesthesia and surgery. Therapy adjunctive to meperidine or other analgesics for control of post-operative pain. Active and prophylactic treatment of motion sickness. Antiemetic therapy in postoperative patients.

Promethazine is a phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. Promethazine HCl Oral Solution is useful for: perennial and seasonal allergic rhinitis. Allergic conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens and foods. Anaphylactic reactions, as adjunctive therapy to epinephrine and other standard measures, after the acute manifestations have been controlled. Preoperative, postoperative, or obstetric sedation. Prevention and control of nausea and vomiting associated with certain types of anesthesia and surgery. Therapy adjunctive to meperidine or other analgesics for control of post-operative pain. Active and prophylactic treatment of motion sickness. Antiemetic therapy in postoperative patients.

Methadone, sold under the brand names Dolophine among others, is an synthetic opioid that is used as the hydrochloride to treat pain and as maintenance therapy or to help with detoxification in people with opioid dependence. Methadone hydrochloride is a mu-agonist; a synthetic opioid analgesic with multiple actions qualitatively similar to those of morphine. Some data also indicate that methadone acts as an antagonist at the NMDA-receptor. The contribution of NMDA receptor antagonism to methadone’s efficacy is unknown. Most common adverse reactions are: lightheadedness, dizziness, sedation, nausea, vomiting, and sweating. Avoid use mixed agonist/antagonist and partial agonist opioid analgesics with DOLOPHINE because they may reduce analgesic effect of DOLOPHINE or precipitate withdrawal symptoms.