Lacosamide is an anticonvulsant that is FDA approved for the treatment of partial-onset seizures. The precise mechanism by which lacosamide exerts its antiepileptic effects in humans remains to be fully elucidated. In vitro electrophysiological studies have shown that lacosamide selectively enhances slow inactivation of voltage-gated sodium channels, resulting in stabilization of hyperexcitable neuronal membranes and inhibition of repetitive neuronal firing Common adverse reactions include diplopia, headache, dizziness, nausea. Patients with renal or hepatic impairment who are taking strong inhibitors of CYP3A4 and CYP2C9 may have a significant increase in exposure to Lacosamide tablets.

Silodosin is a selective antagonsit of alpha-1a adrenergic receptor which was developed by Kissei Pharmaceutical. The drug was approved by FDA under the name Rapaflo for the treatment of signs and symptoms associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Regadenoson (Lexiscan), a low affinity agonist of the A2A adenosine receptor, increases coronary blood flow (CBF) and mimics the increase in CBF caused by exercise. Myocardial uptake of the radiopharmaceutical is proportional to CBF creating the contrast required to identify stenotic coronary arteries. It is a pharmacologic stress agent indicated for radionuclide myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) in patients unable to undergo adequate exercise stress. The most common adverse reactions to Lexiscan are dyspnea, headache, flushing, chest discomfort, dizziness, angina pectoris, chest pain, and nausea. Methylxanthines, e.g., caffeine and theophylline, may interfere with the activity of Lexiscan. Aminophylline may be used to attenuate severe and/or persistent adverse reactions to Lexiscan.

Ixabepilone is an antineoplastic agent, epothilone and mitotic inhibitor that is FDA approved for the treatment of patients with metastatic or locally advanced breast cancer resistant to treatment with an anthracycline and a taxane, or whose cancer is taxane resistant and for whom further anthracycline therapy is contraindicated. Ixabepilone binds directly to beta-tubulin subunits on microtubules, leading to suppression of microtubule dynamics. Ixabepilone suppresses the dynamic instability of alpha-beta-II and alpha-beta-III microtubules. The most common adverse reactions (≥20%) are peripheral sensory neuropathy, fatigue/asthenia, myalgia/arthralgia, alopecia, nausea, vomiting, stomatitis/mucositis, diarrhea, and musculoskeletal pain. Inhibitors of CYP3A4 may increase plasma concentrations of ixabepilone.

Nilotinib (AMN107, trade name Tasigna) is a kinase inhibitor indicated for the treatment of chronic phase and accelerated phase Philadelphia chromosome-positive chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) in adult patients resistant to or intolerant to prior therapy that included imatinib. Nilotinib is an inhibitor of the Bcr-Abl kinase. Nilotinib binds to and stabilizes the inactive conformation of the kinase domain of Abl protein. In vitro, nilotinib inhibited Bcr-Abl mediated proliferation of murine leukemic cell lines and human cell lines derived from Ph+ CML patients. Under the conditions of the assays, nilotinib was able to overcome imatinib resistance resulting from Bcr-Abl kinase mutations, in 32 out of 33 mutations tested. In vivo, nilotinib reduced the tumor size in a murine Bcr-Abl xenograft model. Nilotinib inhibited the autophosphorylation of the following kinases at IC50 values as indicated: Bcr-Abl (20-60 nM), PDGFR (69 nM) and c-Kit (210 nM). Nilotinib is currently being trialed in people with Parkinson's disease, as it appears to be able to halt progression of the disease and even improve their symptoms. The drug also has a number of adverse effects typical of anti-cancer drugs: a headache, fatigue, gastrointestinal problems such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and constipation, muscle and joint pain, rash and other skin conditions, flu-like symptoms, and reduced blood cell count. Less typical side effects are those of the cardiovascular system, such as hypertension (high blood pressure), various types of arrhythmia, and prolonged QT interval. Interaction of nilotinib with OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 may alter its hepatic disposition and can lead to transporter mediated drug-drug interactions. Nilotinib is an inhibitor of OATP-1B1 transporter but not for OATP-1B3. Main metabolic pathways identified in healthy subjects are oxidation and hydroxylation. Nilotinib is the main circulating component in the serum. None of the metabolites contributes significantly to the pharmacological activity of nilotinib.

Nebivolol is a competitive and highly selective beta-1 receptor antagonist with mild vasodilating properties, possibly due to an interaction with the L-arginine/nitric oxide pathway. In preclinical studies, nebivolol has been shown to induce endothelium-dependent arterial relaxation in a dose dependent manner, by stimulation of the release of endothelial nitric oxide. Nitric oxide acts to relax vascular smooth muscle cells and inhibits platelet aggregation and adhesion. Activation of β1-receptors by epinephrine increases the heart rate and the blood pressure, and the heart consumes more oxygen. Nebivolol blocks these receptors which reverses the effects of epinephrine, lowering the heart rate and blood pressure. In addition, beta blockers prevent the release of renin, which is a hormone produced by the kidneys which leads to constriction of blood vessels. At high enough concentrations, this drug may also bind beta 2 receptors. Marketed under the brand name BYSTOLIC, Nebivolol is indicated for the treatment of hypertension, to lower blood pressure. Lowering blood pressure reduces the risk of fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular events, primarily strokes and myocardial infarctions.

Rotigotine is an agonist at all 5 dopamine receptor subtypes (D1-D5) but binds to the D3 receptor with the highest affinity. It is also an antagonist at α-2-adrenergic receptors and an agonist at the 5HT1A receptors. Rotigotine also inhibits dopamine uptake and prolactin secretion. It is FDA approved for the treatment of Parkinson's disease, restless legs syndrome. Dopamine antagonists, such as antipsychotics or metoclopramide, may diminish the effectiveness of Rotigotine. Common adverse reactions include nausea, vomiting, somnolence, application site reactions, dizziness, anorexia, hyperhidrosis, insomnia and dyskinesia.

Lapatinib is a small molecule and a member of the 4-anilinoquinazoline class of kinase inhibitors. It is present as the monohydrate of the ditosylate salt (trade name TYKERB). Lapatinib is dual inhibitor of the EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor; also called HER1 or ErbB1) and HER2 receptor tyrosine kinases. Lapatinib was developed by GlaxoSmithKline, however, Novartis subsequently acquired all the rights to the drug from GlaxoSmithKline. TYKERB is indicated in combination therapy for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer that overexpresses the HER2 receptor.

Fluticasone furoate is a synthetic trifluorinated corticosteroid with potent anti-inflammatory activity. Fluticasone furoate is a anti-allergic agents that is FDA approved for the treatment of symptoms of seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis, asthma and for reducing exacerbations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Fluticasone furoate has been shown in vitro to exhibit a binding affinity for the human glucocorticoid receptor. The clinical relevance of these findings is unknown. The most common adverse reactions (>1% incidence) included headache, epistaxis, pharyngolaryngeal pain, nasal ulceration, back pain, pyrexia, and cough. Coadministration of ritonavir is not recommended. Use caution with coadministration of other potent CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as ketoconazole.

Aliskiren – the only direct renin inhibitor which is clinically used as an antihypertensive drug. Aliskiren is the first of a new class of antihypertensive agents. Aliskiren is a new renin inhibitor of a novel structural class that has recently been shown to be efficacious in hypertensive patients after once-daily oral dosing. In short-term studies, it was effective in lowering blood pressure either alone or in combination with valsartan and hydrochlorothiazide, and had a low incidence of serious adverse effects. It was approved by the Food and Drug Administration in 2007 for the use as a monotherapy or in combination with other antihypertensives. Aliskiren is marketed under the trade name Tekturna. Aliskiren effectively reduces functional plasma renin activity by binding to renin with high affinity, preventing it from converting angiotensinogen to angiotensin I. The inhibition of renin by aliskiren is associated with a reduction in circulating levels of angiotensin I and II, with a resultant increase in plasma renin concentration and inhibit activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases ERK1 (p44) and ERK2 (p42).