Indinavir is an antiretroviral drug for the treatment of HIV infection. Indinavir is a protease inhibitor with activity against Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1). Protease inhibitors block the part of HIV called protease. HIV-1 protease is an enzyme required for the proteolytic cleavage of the viral polyprotein precursors into the individual functional proteins found in infectious HIV-1. Indinavir binds to the protease active site and inhibits the activity of the enzyme. This inhibition prevents cleavage of the viral polyproteins resulting in the formation of immature non-infectious viral particles. Protease inhibitors are almost always used in combination with at least two other anti-HIV drugs.

Salsalate is a dimer of salicylic acid. Upon administration, it is metabolically hydrolyzed to salicylic acid. Salsalate is is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent for oral administration for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis and related rheumatoid disorders. In addition, salsalate is investigated for treatment of type 2 diabetes.

Saquinavir (brand names Invirase and Fortovase) is an antiretroviral drug used together with other medications to treat or prevent HIV/AIDS. Saquinavir is an inhibitor of HIV protease. HIV protease is an enzyme required for the proteolytic cleavage of viral polyprotein precursors into individual functional proteins found in infectious HIV. Saquinavir is a peptide-like substrate analog that binds to the protease active site and inhibits the activity of the enzyme. Saquinavir inhibition prevents cleavage of the viral polyproteins resulting in the formation of immature noninfectious virus particles. The most frequent adverse events with saquinavir in either formulation are mild gastrointestinal symptoms, including diarrhea, nausea, loose stools & abdominal discomfort. Invirase is better tolerated than Fortovase.

Cisapride is chemically related to metoclopramide, but unlike metoclopramide, it does not cross the blood-brain barrier or have antidopaminergic effects. Cisapride is a serotonin-4 (5-HT4) receptor agonist. Cisapride was indicated for the symptomatic treatment of adult patients with nocturnal heartburn due to gastroesophageal reflux disease. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in America stopped the marketing of cisapride as of 14th July 2000. They had received at least 341 reports of heart rhythm abnormalities and these led to 80 deaths. Other reported adverse effects are: headache, diarrhea, abdominal pain, nausea, constipation. Cisapride for animals has been found helpful in some cases of megaesophagus and is a common treatment for feline megacolon. Clarithromycin, erythromycin, and troleandomycin markedly inhibit the metabolism of cisapride. Concurrent administration of certain anticholinergic compounds, such as belladonna alkaloids and dicyclomine, would be expected to compromise the beneficial effects of cisapride.

Cisapride is chemically related to metoclopramide, but unlike metoclopramide, it does not cross the blood-brain barrier or have antidopaminergic effects. Cisapride is a serotonin-4 (5-HT4) receptor agonist. Cisapride was indicated for the symptomatic treatment of adult patients with nocturnal heartburn due to gastroesophageal reflux disease. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in America stopped the marketing of cisapride as of 14th July 2000. They had received at least 341 reports of heart rhythm abnormalities and these led to 80 deaths. Other reported adverse effects are: headache, diarrhea, abdominal pain, nausea, constipation. Cisapride for animals has been found helpful in some cases of megaesophagus and is a common treatment for feline megacolon. Clarithromycin, erythromycin, and troleandomycin markedly inhibit the metabolism of cisapride. Concurrent administration of certain anticholinergic compounds, such as belladonna alkaloids and dicyclomine, would be expected to compromise the beneficial effects of cisapride.

Levocabastine (trade name Livo) is a selective second-generation H1-receptor antagonist used for allergic conjunctivitis. Levocabastine binds the G protein-coupled neurotensin receptor 2 (NTR2), but not NTR1, where it behaves as a weak partial inverse agonist. In an environmental study, LIVOSTIN 0.05% (levocabastine hydrochloride ophthalmic suspension) instilled four times daily was shown to be significantly more effective than its vehicle in reducing ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. After instillation in the eye, levocabastine is systemically absorbed. However, the amount of systemically absorbed levocabastine after therapeutic ocular doses is low (mean plasma concentrations in the range of 1-2 ng/mL). Brand name Livostin is no longer available in the U.S., but generic versions may still be available. Common side effects include burning, stinging, itching, or watering of the eyes, eye irritation or discomfort, blurred vision, dry or puffy eyes, headache, nosebleed, nausea, or fatigue.

Levocabastine (trade name Livo) is a selective second-generation H1-receptor antagonist used for allergic conjunctivitis. Levocabastine binds the G protein-coupled neurotensin receptor 2 (NTR2), but not NTR1, where it behaves as a weak partial inverse agonist. In an environmental study, LIVOSTIN 0.05% (levocabastine hydrochloride ophthalmic suspension) instilled four times daily was shown to be significantly more effective than its vehicle in reducing ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. After instillation in the eye, levocabastine is systemically absorbed. However, the amount of systemically absorbed levocabastine after therapeutic ocular doses is low (mean plasma concentrations in the range of 1-2 ng/mL). Brand name Livostin is no longer available in the U.S., but generic versions may still be available. Common side effects include burning, stinging, itching, or watering of the eyes, eye irritation or discomfort, blurred vision, dry or puffy eyes, headache, nosebleed, nausea, or fatigue.

Levalmodipine (S-amlodipine) is an active enantiomer of amlodipine, a calcium antagonist that inhibits the transmembrane influx of calcium ions into vascular smooth muscle and cardiac muscle. Experimental data suggest that S-amlodipine binds to both dihydropyridine and nondihydropyridine binding sites. The contractile processes of cardiac muscle and vascular smooth muscle are dependent upon the movement of extracellular calcium ions into these cells through specific ion channels. S-Amlodipine inhibits calcium ion influx across cell membranes selectively, with a greater effect on vascular smooth muscle cells than on cardiac muscle cells. Enantiomerically pure S-amlodipine is marketed in some countries worldwide, while racemate, containing active S-enantiomer an inactive R-enantiomer is marketed in the USA and indicated for the treatment of hypertension and coronary artery disease.

Levalmodipine (S-amlodipine) is an active enantiomer of amlodipine, a calcium antagonist that inhibits the transmembrane influx of calcium ions into vascular smooth muscle and cardiac muscle. Experimental data suggest that S-amlodipine binds to both dihydropyridine and nondihydropyridine binding sites. The contractile processes of cardiac muscle and vascular smooth muscle are dependent upon the movement of extracellular calcium ions into these cells through specific ion channels. S-Amlodipine inhibits calcium ion influx across cell membranes selectively, with a greater effect on vascular smooth muscle cells than on cardiac muscle cells. Enantiomerically pure S-amlodipine is marketed in some countries worldwide, while racemate, containing active S-enantiomer an inactive R-enantiomer is marketed in the USA and indicated for the treatment of hypertension and coronary artery disease.

Levalmodipine (S-amlodipine) is an active enantiomer of amlodipine, a calcium antagonist that inhibits the transmembrane influx of calcium ions into vascular smooth muscle and cardiac muscle. Experimental data suggest that S-amlodipine binds to both dihydropyridine and nondihydropyridine binding sites. The contractile processes of cardiac muscle and vascular smooth muscle are dependent upon the movement of extracellular calcium ions into these cells through specific ion channels. S-Amlodipine inhibits calcium ion influx across cell membranes selectively, with a greater effect on vascular smooth muscle cells than on cardiac muscle cells. Enantiomerically pure S-amlodipine is marketed in some countries worldwide, while racemate, containing active S-enantiomer an inactive R-enantiomer is marketed in the USA and indicated for the treatment of hypertension and coronary artery disease.