Tolfenpyrad is a pyrazole insecticide, and was discovered by Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation in 1991. The compound acts mainly through the inhibition of the mitochondrial electron transport system. Tolfenpyrad has shown activity against parasitic larval stages (xL3 and L4) of H. contortus in vitro; IC50 values were comparable with those of two commercially available anthelmintics, monepantel and moxidectin. As a pesticide, tolfenpyrad has relatively broad activity against egg, larval, nymphal and adult stages of various arthropods (including Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera, Thysanoptera and Acarina), and has been applied to various infested crops. This chemical was developed in Japan and was first approved in 2002; it has been registered for commercial use in several countries other than Japan, including the Dominican Republic, Thailand, the United Arab Emirates, Indonesia and the USA.

Nitenpyram is a neonicotinoid, a neurotoxin that blocks neural messages and used in agriculture and veterinary medicine to kill external parasites of pets. Imidacloprid act as agonists at the insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR). The botanical insecticide nicotine acts at the same target without the neonicotinoid level of effectiveness or safety. Fundamental differences between the nAChRs of insects and mammals confer remarkable selectivity for the neonicotinoids. Whereas ionized nicotine binds at an anionic subsite in the mammalian nAChR, the negatively tipped ("magic" nitro or cyano) neonicotinoids interact with a proposed unique subsite consisting of cationic amino acid residue(s) in the insect nAChR. Nitenpyram was introduced into the United States in 1994 as a veterinary flea control treatment, structural pest and crop insecticide, and seed treatment. It has been used orally in dogs, cats, and some wildlife species for over 10 years. After ingestion, it begins killing adult fleas within 30 minutes, and effects continue for up to 48 hours. Though nitenpyram is used to kill adult fleas quickly on an infected animal, it does not kill insect eggs and has no long-term activity. Thus, it is not effective as a long-term flea preventative; however, it can be repeatedly applied over the course of several days to eradicate a single instance of infestation. Nitenpyram can be combined with a longer-term flea preventative like fipronil or lufenuron to prevent reinfestation. Neonicotinoids for veterinary use are considered to have a low order of toxicity for domestic animals and there are no reports of nitenpyram intoxication.

Lufenuron is used to fight fungal infections, since fungus cell walls are about one third chitin. Lufenuron is the active ingredient in the veterinary flea control medication Program. FDA approved this drug for use in dogs and cats. Available by prescription. Once the female flea ingests blood from a pet treated with lufenuron, 96% of egg development from fleas on cats and 99% of egg development from fleas on dogs is stopped. This helps prevent a continual flea problem. Lufenuron does not kill the adult flea and does not stop the flea from biting and causing flea allergy dermatitis. The drug is stored in the body fat and released into the bloodstream over the course of a month. Flea eggs laid prior to treating the pet may take several months to hatch; Program will not be effective until these fleas start to lay eggs. Therefore it may take several months to see the product's effectiveness. If quicker results are needed, use a product which will kill adult fleas; these will provide quicker relief for the pet. Cats require a higher dose per pound than dogs. After the cat injectable form is administered, 2-3 weeks are needed to reach therapeutic levels in the blood. The injectable form for cats is effective for 6 months.

Lufenuron is used to fight fungal infections, since fungus cell walls are about one third chitin. Lufenuron is the active ingredient in the veterinary flea control medication Program. FDA approved this drug for use in dogs and cats. Available by prescription. Once the female flea ingests blood from a pet treated with lufenuron, 96% of egg development from fleas on cats and 99% of egg development from fleas on dogs is stopped. This helps prevent a continual flea problem. Lufenuron does not kill the adult flea and does not stop the flea from biting and causing flea allergy dermatitis. The drug is stored in the body fat and released into the bloodstream over the course of a month. Flea eggs laid prior to treating the pet may take several months to hatch; Program will not be effective until these fleas start to lay eggs. Therefore it may take several months to see the product's effectiveness. If quicker results are needed, use a product which will kill adult fleas; these will provide quicker relief for the pet. Cats require a higher dose per pound than dogs. After the cat injectable form is administered, 2-3 weeks are needed to reach therapeutic levels in the blood. The injectable form for cats is effective for 6 months.

Lufenuron is used to fight fungal infections, since fungus cell walls are about one third chitin. Lufenuron is the active ingredient in the veterinary flea control medication Program. FDA approved this drug for use in dogs and cats. Available by prescription. Once the female flea ingests blood from a pet treated with lufenuron, 96% of egg development from fleas on cats and 99% of egg development from fleas on dogs is stopped. This helps prevent a continual flea problem. Lufenuron does not kill the adult flea and does not stop the flea from biting and causing flea allergy dermatitis. The drug is stored in the body fat and released into the bloodstream over the course of a month. Flea eggs laid prior to treating the pet may take several months to hatch; Program will not be effective until these fleas start to lay eggs. Therefore it may take several months to see the product's effectiveness. If quicker results are needed, use a product which will kill adult fleas; these will provide quicker relief for the pet. Cats require a higher dose per pound than dogs. After the cat injectable form is administered, 2-3 weeks are needed to reach therapeutic levels in the blood. The injectable form for cats is effective for 6 months.