Melatonin (5-methoxy N-acetyltryptamine) is a hormone synthesized and released from the pineal gland at night, which acts on specific high affinity G-protein coupled receptors to regulate various aspects of physiology and behaviour, including circadian and seasonal responses, and some retinal, cardiovascular and immunological functions. Melatonin is also made synthetically and available without a prescription as an over-the-counter (OTC) dietary supplement in the U.S. Melatonin supplementation has many uses, however, it has been widely studied for treatment of jet lag and sleep disorders. Parents may consider using melatonin to help their child who has a trouble falling asleep. A medical professional should always evaluate insomnia or other sleeping disorders in children. Additionally, melatonin has been shown to protect against oxidative stress in various, highly divergent experimental systems. There are many reasons for its remarkable protective potential. In mammals, melatonin binds to a number of receptor subtypes including high-affinity (MT1 and MT2) and low-affinity (MT3, nuclear orphan receptors) binding sites, which are distributed throughout the central nervous system and periphery.

Quinine ascorbate is a salt of antimalarial drug quinine and ascorbic acid (vitamin C). Ascorbate reduces the potency of quinolone-containing anti-malarial drugs. Quinine ascorbate was marketed as a component of over-the-counter smoking deterrent products but was not recognized as safe by the FDA regulation in 1993.

Bruceantin is a compound isolated from Brucea antidysenteriea, a plant used in Ethiopia as an anticancer treatment. The primary action of Bruceantin appears to be an inhibition of protein synthesis which takes place at the ribosomal level. Bruceantin induced marked decreases of c-myc mRNA and protein expression in all cell lines. Bruceantin-induced c-myc downregulation might trigger cell death mechanisms preferentially in those cell lines with wild-type p53 protein expression. Bruceantin was evaluated in three separate phase I clinical trials in patients with various types of solid tumors. Hypotension, nausea, and vomiting were common side effects at higher doses, but hematologic toxicity was moderate to insignificant and manifested mainly as thrombocytopenia. Bruceantin was then tested in two separate phase II trials including adult patients with metastatic breast cancer and malignant melanoma. No objective tumor regressions were observed, and clinical trials were terminated.

Ginkgolide B belongs to the class of organic compounds known as ginkgolides and bilobalides. These are diterpene lactones with a structure based either on the gingkolide or the bilobalide skeleton. The ginkgolide skeleton is a very rigid structure consisting of hexacyclic C20 trilactone. The cis-fused F/A/D/C ring junction forms an empty semi-ball hole, the D ring contains a cage form tetrahydrofuran ring which occupies the center of the empty hole, and the oxygen atoms of the D,C and F ring and 10-hydroxyl group consist of an analogous crown ether structure. Ginkgolide B is one of the ginkgolides isolated from the leaves of the Ginkgo biloba tree. The Ginkgolide B is the most potent antagonist of platelet activating factor (PAF) and exhibits therapeutic action in a variety of diseases mainly by the PAF receptor. The ginkgolide B possesses a number of beneficial effects such as anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, antioxidant, and neuroprotective effects. It promotes the proliferation, migration and adhesion of endothelial progenitor cells, and the induction of angiogenesis through vascular endothelial factor (VEGF). Ginkgolide B is considered a valid non-pharmacological (or nutraceutical) approach to the prophylaxis of both migraine with and without aura. Effects of ginkgolide B include reduction of Ca2+-stimulated intracellular events, scavenging of free radicals, modulation of central nervous system glutamatergic transmission and reduction of antiplatelet activating factor (PAF) levels in brain. Ginkgolide B is an active component of EGb, a standardised extract of Ginkgo biloba leaves. Ginkgolide B is one of the major components of EGb-761.

Epichatechin is one of the 4 catechin diastereoisomers. It can be isolated from a number of species of Palmae, as well as Dryas octopetala and guarana seeds. Epicatechin has been widely studied as a potential therapeutic compound in a wide variety of conditions including cancers, diabetes, heart conditions, and neurological conditions. Epicatechin is available as a natural health supplement and marketed for bodybuilding and the treatment of high blood pressure, high cholesterol, immune support, low testosterone, high blood sugar, and improved memory.

Berberine, an alkaloid isolated from Rhizoma Coptidis, is known to have a wide array of therapeutic effects including antimicrobial, antineoplastic, and hepatoprotective effects. It is found in several plants including European barberry, goldenseal, goldthread, Oregon grape, phellodendron, and tree tumeric. Berberine seems to slightly reduce blood sugar levels in people with diabetes. Berberine might lower blood pressure. Berberine is possibly safe for most adults for short-term use when taken by mouth or applied to the skin.

Imepitoin (AWD 131–138 or ELB 138; 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-morpholino-imidazolin-2-one) is a new anti-epileptic drug recently approved in the European Union for the treatment of canine idiopathic epilepsy. It was developed from a series of imidazolinones due to its pronounced ant seizure activity in a large variety of rodent models of epileptic seizures, combined with a high tolerability in these models. Imepitoin is a centrally acting antiepileptic substance, which crosses the blood brain barrier without involvement of active transport or active clearance, resulting in immediate equilibrium between plasma and brain. Imepitoin acts as low-affinity partial agonists at the benzodiazepine (BZD) site of the GABAA receptor. Hopefully, that the favorable profile of imepitoin for the treatment of epilepsy in dogs will reactivate the interest in partial BZD site agonists as new treatments for human epilepsy.

Aceneuramic acid (also known as N-Acetylneuraminic Acid, Neu5Ac, the UX 001 tablets) prolonged released had been filed a marketing authorization application with the European Medicines Agency by Ultragenyx in the EU for the treatment of hereditary inclusion body myopathy (HIBM), a rare, progressive muscle-wasting disease. This compound, a muscle protein stimulant, is also in phase II of the clinical trial for the treatment thrombocytopenia. In addition, recently was made studies, which had shown, that existed the significant positive correlation between serum and salivary sialic acid levels in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients.

Peoniflorin (PF) is the chief active component of paeonia, with diverse pharmacological actions and wide application. According to current study findings, PF can ameliorate the decline of memory and learning capacities in many dementia model animals, and have effect in protecting the cerebral ischemia injury, treating Parkinson's disease, reliving pain and improving neural synapse plasticity. Peoniflorin is an Adenosine A1 receptor activator with neuroprotective and antidepressant effects. Upregulates serotonergic systems in vivo. Blood brain barrier permeable. Preclinical studies show that peoniflorin is able to diminish pain, joint swelling, synovial hypertrophy, and the severity of bone erosion and cartilage degradation in experimental arthritis. In China, Korea, and Japan, a decoction of the dried root without bark of Paeonia lactiflora Pall. has been used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, hepatitis, dysmenorrhea, muscle cramping and spasms, and fever for more than 1200 years. A water/ethanol extract of the root is now known as total glucosides of peony (TGP), which contains more than 15 components. Peoniflorin is the most abundant ingredient and accounts for the pharmacological effects observed with TGP in both in vitro and in vivo studies.

Cytisine ( aka baptitoxine and sophorine) is a naturally occurring alkaloid that can be found in several plant genera, such as Laburnum and Cytisus of the family Fabaceae. It has been found to be clinically superior to nicotine replacement therapy for the cessation of smoking. It is available in Eastern Europe under the brand names Tabex and Desmoxan and in Canada under the brand name Cravv. However certain undesirable side effects exist, Cytisine can interfere with breathing and cause death (LD50 i.v., in mice, is about 2 mg/kg) and Cytisine is also teratogenic. Cytosine is an α4β2 nicotinic Acetylcholine receptor agonist. In addition to clinical use as a smoking cessation aid, It has demonstrated anti-depressant effects in mice.