Mycophenolic acid (MPA) possesses antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, immunosuppressive and anticancer properties. Mycophenolic acid (MPA) is a fungal metabolite that was initially discovered by Bartolomeo Gosio in 1893 as an antibiotic against anthrax bacillus, Bacillus anthracis. It is an uncompetitive and reversible inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH), and therefore inhibits the de novo pathway of guanosine nucleotide synthesis without incorporation to DNA. It was approved under the brand name Myfortic for the prophylaxis of organ rejection in adult patients receiving a kidney transplant and is indicated for the prophylaxis of organ rejection in pediatric patients 5 years of age and older who are at least 6 months post kidney transplant. Myfortic is to be used in combination with cyclosporine and corticosteroids.

Mycophenolic acid (MPA) possesses antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, immunosuppressive and anticancer properties. Mycophenolic acid (MPA) is a fungal metabolite that was initially discovered by Bartolomeo Gosio in 1893 as an antibiotic against anthrax bacillus, Bacillus anthracis. It is an uncompetitive and reversible inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH), and therefore inhibits the de novo pathway of guanosine nucleotide synthesis without incorporation to DNA. It was approved under the brand name Myfortic for the prophylaxis of organ rejection in adult patients receiving a kidney transplant and is indicated for the prophylaxis of organ rejection in pediatric patients 5 years of age and older who are at least 6 months post kidney transplant. Myfortic is to be used in combination with cyclosporine and corticosteroids.

Mycophenolic acid (MPA) possesses antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, immunosuppressive and anticancer properties. Mycophenolic acid (MPA) is a fungal metabolite that was initially discovered by Bartolomeo Gosio in 1893 as an antibiotic against anthrax bacillus, Bacillus anthracis. It is an uncompetitive and reversible inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH), and therefore inhibits the de novo pathway of guanosine nucleotide synthesis without incorporation to DNA. It was approved under the brand name Myfortic for the prophylaxis of organ rejection in adult patients receiving a kidney transplant and is indicated for the prophylaxis of organ rejection in pediatric patients 5 years of age and older who are at least 6 months post kidney transplant. Myfortic is to be used in combination with cyclosporine and corticosteroids.

Cysteamine (trade name CYSTAGON) is a cystine-depleting agent indicated for the treatment of corneal cystine crystal accumulation in patients with cystinosis. Cystinosis is an autosomal recessive inborn error of metabolism in which the transport of cystine out of lysosomes is abnormal; in the nephropathic form, accumulation of cystine and formation of crystals damage various organs, especially the kidney, leading to renal tubular Fanconi Syndrome and progressive glomerular failure, with end-stage renal failure by the end of the first decade of life. In four studies of cystinosis patients before cysteamine was available, renal death (need for transplant or dialysis) occurred at the median age of fewer than 10 years. Patients with cystinosis also experience growth failure, rickets, and photophobia due to cystine deposits in the cornea. With time most organs are damaged, including the retina, muscles and central nervous system. Cysteamine is an aminothiol that participates within lysosomes in a thiol-disulfide interchange reaction converting cystine into cysteine and cysteine-cysteamine mixed disulfide, both of which can exit the lysosome in patients with cystinosis.

Tacrolimus, previously known as FK506, is the active ingredient in Prograf. Tacrolimus is a macrolide immunosuppressant produced by Streptomyces tsukubaensis. It reduces peptidyl-prolyl isomerase activity by binding to the immunophilin FKBP-12 (FK506 binding protein) creating a new complex. This FKBP12-FK506 complex interacts with and inhibits calcineurin thus inhibiting both T-lymphocyte signal transduction and IL-2 transcription. Tacrolimus inhibits T-lymphocyte activation, although the exact mechanism of action is not known. Experimental evidence suggests that tacrolimus binds to an intracellular protein, FKBP-12. A complex of tacrolimus-FKBP-12, calcium, calmodulin, and calcineurin is then formed and the phosphatase activity of calcineurin inhibited. This effect may prevent the dephosphorylation and translocation of nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NF-AT), a nuclear component thought to initiate gene transcription for the formation of lymphokines (such as interleukin-2, gamma interferon). The net result is the inhibition of T-lymphocyte activation (i.e., immunosuppression). Prograf is indicated for the prophylaxis of organ rejection in patients receiving allogeneic liver transplants, kidney transplants, heart transplants. It has also been used in a topical preparation in the treatment of severe atopic dermatitis.

Cysteamine (trade name CYSTAGON) is a cystine-depleting agent indicated for the treatment of corneal cystine crystal accumulation in patients with cystinosis. Cystinosis is an autosomal recessive inborn error of metabolism in which the transport of cystine out of lysosomes is abnormal; in the nephropathic form, accumulation of cystine and formation of crystals damage various organs, especially the kidney, leading to renal tubular Fanconi Syndrome and progressive glomerular failure, with end-stage renal failure by the end of the first decade of life. In four studies of cystinosis patients before cysteamine was available, renal death (need for transplant or dialysis) occurred at the median age of fewer than 10 years. Patients with cystinosis also experience growth failure, rickets, and photophobia due to cystine deposits in the cornea. With time most organs are damaged, including the retina, muscles and central nervous system. Cysteamine is an aminothiol that participates within lysosomes in a thiol-disulfide interchange reaction converting cystine into cysteine and cysteine-cysteamine mixed disulfide, both of which can exit the lysosome in patients with cystinosis.

Cysteamine (trade name CYSTAGON) is a cystine-depleting agent indicated for the treatment of corneal cystine crystal accumulation in patients with cystinosis. Cystinosis is an autosomal recessive inborn error of metabolism in which the transport of cystine out of lysosomes is abnormal; in the nephropathic form, accumulation of cystine and formation of crystals damage various organs, especially the kidney, leading to renal tubular Fanconi Syndrome and progressive glomerular failure, with end-stage renal failure by the end of the first decade of life. In four studies of cystinosis patients before cysteamine was available, renal death (need for transplant or dialysis) occurred at the median age of fewer than 10 years. Patients with cystinosis also experience growth failure, rickets, and photophobia due to cystine deposits in the cornea. With time most organs are damaged, including the retina, muscles and central nervous system. Cysteamine is an aminothiol that participates within lysosomes in a thiol-disulfide interchange reaction converting cystine into cysteine and cysteine-cysteamine mixed disulfide, both of which can exit the lysosome in patients with cystinosis.

Rocuronium (brand names Zemuron, Esmeron) is an aminosteroid non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocker or muscle relaxant used in modern anesthesia to facilitate endotracheal intubation by providing skeletal muscle relaxation, most commonly required for surgery or mechanical ventilation. Rocuronium bromide is a nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with a rapid to intermediate onset depending on dose and intermediate duration. It acts by competing for cholinergic receptors at the motor end-plate. This action is antagonized by acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, such as neostigmine and edrophonium. Most common adverse reactions are transient hypotension and hypertension.

Vinorelbine (trade name Navelbine) is a semi-synthetic vinca-alkaloid with a broad spectrum of anti-tumour activity. Vinorelbine is a mitotic spindle poison that impairs chromosomal segregation during mitosis. It blocks cells at G2/M. Microtubules (derived from polymers of tubulin) are the principal target of vinorelbine. Vinorelbine was developed by Pierre Fabre under licence from the CNRS in France. NAVELBINE (vinorelbine tartrate) as a single agent or in combination is indicated for the first line treatment of non small cell lung cancer and advanced breast cancer.

Cysteamine (trade name CYSTAGON) is a cystine-depleting agent indicated for the treatment of corneal cystine crystal accumulation in patients with cystinosis. Cystinosis is an autosomal recessive inborn error of metabolism in which the transport of cystine out of lysosomes is abnormal; in the nephropathic form, accumulation of cystine and formation of crystals damage various organs, especially the kidney, leading to renal tubular Fanconi Syndrome and progressive glomerular failure, with end-stage renal failure by the end of the first decade of life. In four studies of cystinosis patients before cysteamine was available, renal death (need for transplant or dialysis) occurred at the median age of fewer than 10 years. Patients with cystinosis also experience growth failure, rickets, and photophobia due to cystine deposits in the cornea. With time most organs are damaged, including the retina, muscles and central nervous system. Cysteamine is an aminothiol that participates within lysosomes in a thiol-disulfide interchange reaction converting cystine into cysteine and cysteine-cysteamine mixed disulfide, both of which can exit the lysosome in patients with cystinosis.