Alprenolol is a beta adrenoreceptor blocking agent and 5HT1A antagonist, developed by AstraZeneca and now available as generic drug. It is used for treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris due to coronary atherosclerosis and acute myocardial infarction.

Acemetacin is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug used for the treatment of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, lower back pain, and relieving post-operative pain. It is manufactured by Merck KGaA under the tradename Emflex and is available in the UK as a prescription-only drug. Other brand names for acemetacin include Rheutrop (Austria), Acemetadoc, Acephlogont, Azeat, Rantudil (Germany, Hungary, Mexico, Portugal, Turkey), Gamespir (Greece), Oldan, Reudol (Spain), Tilur (Switzerland), Ost-map (Egypt). Acemetacin is a glycolic acid ester of indomethacin. The pharmacological activity resulting from acemetacin administration in man is derived from the presence of both acemetacin and indomethacin. The precise pharmacological mode of action of acemetacin is not known. However, unlike other NSAIDs, acemetacin is only a relatively weak inhibitor of prostaglandin synthetase. Prostaglandins are known to have an antisecretory and cytoprotective effect on the gastric mucosa. Acemetacin shows activity in many of the established in vitro tests of anti-inflammatory activity including inhibition of the release of a number of mediators of inflammation. Acemetacin is well absorbed after oral administration. Its major metabolite is indomethacin, which, after repeated administration is present at levels in excess of those of acemetacin. Acemetacin is bound to plasma protein to a slightly lesser extent than indomethacin and has a relatively short plasma elimination half-life. It is eliminated by both hepatic and renal mechanisms. The pharmacokinetics appear to be linear at recommended therapeutic doses, unaffected by moderate renal or hepatic impairment, and unchanged in the elderly.

Clofoctol [2-(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)-4-(tetramethyl-1,1,3,3-butyl)phenol] is a synthetic antibacterial agent with bactericidal activity on various Gram-positive (especially S. pyogenes and S. pneumoniae, but also Corynebacterium spp. and Propionibacterium acnes) and some Gram-negative bacteria (including Haemophilus influenzae, Bordetella spp., Neisseria meningitides, and Neisseria gonorrhea). A peculiar property of clofoctol is the rapidity of the antimicrobial effect, similar to that of antiseptic compounds, which makes the development of resistance less likely. Following rectal administration of clofoctol, absorption is rapid and nearly complete (about 98%), with a good penetration in the lung tissue. Clofoctol is primarily metabolized by hepatic glucuronidation and excreted through the biliary system; renal elimination is negligible. Clofoctol compound has been used mainly in France (under the trade name Octoplus ) and Italy (as Gramplus) for the treatment of mild upper respiratory tract infections, especially in pediatric patients

Proglumide is a drug that inhibits gastrointestinal motility and reduces gastric secretions. It acts as a cholecystokinin antagonist, which blocks both the CCKA and CCKB subtypes. It was used mainly in the treatment of stomach ulcers, although it has now been largely replaced by newer drugs for this application. An interesting side effect of proglumide is that it enhances the analgesia produced by opioid drugs, and can prevent or even reverse the development of tolerance to opioid drugs. This can make it a useful adjuvant treatment to use alongside opioid drugs in the treatment of chronic pain conditions such as cancer, where opioid analgesics may be required for long periods and development of tolerance reduces clinical efficacy of these drugs.

Elobixibat is the first in class ileal bile acid transporter (IBAT) inhibitor. IBAT inhibitors block ileal absorption of bile acids by: (1) interrupting the enterohepatic circulation of bile resulting in a fall in serum cholesterol and (2) increasing the delivery of bile acids into the colon. Elobixibat stimulates both motor and secretory functions in the colon. Elobixibat is approved in Japan for the treatment of chronic constipation. Elobixibat has potential benefit in the treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.

Carmofur, also known as 5-fluoro-N-hexyl-2,4-dioxo-pyrimidine-1-carboxamide and as 1-hexylcarbamoyl-5-fluorouracil, is a pyrimidine analogue which acts as an antineoplastic agent through inhibition of thymidylate synthase. It has been used in the treatment of breast and colorectal cancer. Carmofur is approved in Japan for the treatment of cancer.

Octopamine is an organic chemical closely related to norepinephrine. In many types of invertebrates it functions as a neurotransmitter. Octopamine is known to exert adrenergic effects in mammals although specific octopamine receptors have been cloned only in invertebrates. It has been shown that octopamine can stimulate alpha(2)-adrenoceptors (ARs) in Chinese hamster ovary cells transfected with human alpha(2)-ARs. Octopamine stimulates lipolysis through beta(3)-rather than beta(1)-or beta(2)-AR activation in white adipocytes from different mammalian species. Octopamine activates only beta(3)-ARs and is devoid of alpha(2)-adrenergic agonism. Thus, octopamine could be considered as an endogenous selective beta(3)-AR agonist. In humans Octopamine is a trace amine found endogenously in the human brain where it interacts with signalling of catecholamines; it is structurally similar to synephrine and tyramine, being a metabolite of the latter (via dopamine β-hydroxylase) and substrate for the synthesis of the former (via phenethanolamine N-methyltransferase[3]) while being perhaps the closest in structure to noradrenaline. Octopamine is found in the bitter orange similar to many biogenic amines related to L-tyrosine that are used as dietary supplements, this includes synephrine and hordenine. p-Octopamine HCl (Norphen) was studied in the late 1960’s and 1970’s as a drug for the treatment of hypotensive regulatory and circulatory disorders. Octopamine was used as a nootropic. All optical isomers (enantiomers) of octopamine are on the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) 2014 list of substances prohibited in competition.

Benserazide is a peripherally-acting aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) or DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor. Benserazide is only used in conjunction with L-dopa for the treatment of Parkinson's disease under the brand name Madopar in the UK. Madopar HBS (125 mg) is a controlled-release dosage form with 100 mg L-dopa and 25 mg benserazide.

Canrenone, a spironolactone metabolite, is a mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist. Canrenone is used as a diuretic in Europe and, in particular, in Italy under brand name Luvion. Luvion is a tablet for oral application which is effective for the treatment Hyperaldosteronism primary, secondary hyperaldosteronism from edematous states ( heart failure congestive, cirrhosis of the liver in phase ascites, nephrotic syndrome) and arterial hypertension essential where other therapies were not sufficiently effective or tolerate. In addition was suggested that canrenone might represent an effective therapy for idiopathic post-puberal hirsutism and it normalizds the cardiac response to the postural challenge in patients with preascitic cirrhosis. Canrenone seems to be effective in reducing blood pressure in patients with metabolic syndrome. Moreover, canrenone seems also to improve MPO, Lp(a), and metalloproteinases in these patients.

Nitrendipine is a calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. It is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive. By deforming the channel, inhibiting ion-control gating mechanisms, and/or interfering with the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, nitrendipine inhibits the influx of extracellular calcium across the myocardial and vascular smooth muscle cell membranes. The decrease in intracellular calcium inhibits the contractile processes of the myocardial smooth muscle cells, causing dilation of the coronary and systemic arteries, increased oxygen delivery to the myocardial tissue, decreased total peripheral resistance, decreased systemic blood pressure, and decreased afterload.