The iodate ion is an oxoanion of iodine bearing a negative charge and containing three oxygen atoms. Because it is more stable than iodide, most health authorities preferentially recommend iodate as an additive to salt for correcting iodine deficiency. In humans and rats, oral bioavailability of iodine from iodate is virtually equivalent to that from iodide. When given intravenously to rats, or when added to whole blood or tissue homogenates in vitro or to foodstuff, iodate is quantitatively reduced to iodide by nonenzymatic reactions, and thus becomes available to the body as iodide. Therefore, except perhaps for the gastrointestinal mucosa, exposure of tissues to iodate might be minimal. At much higher doses given intravenously (i.e., above 10 mg/kg), iodate is highly toxic to the retina. Ocular toxicity in humans has occurred only after exposure to doses of 600 to 1,200 mg per individual. Oral exposures of several animal species to high doses, exceeding the human intake from fortified salt by orders of magnitude, pointed to corrosive effects in the gastrointestinal tract, hemolysis, nephrotoxicity, and hepatic injury.

Hydroxymethanesulfinic acid is an organic acid. Sodium salt of hydroxymethanesulfinic acid (rongalite) is widely used in organic synthesis. It can be used as a reducing agent for elemental selenium and tellurium, diselenides, α‐halo ketones, and aromatic aldehydes; yields symmetrical sulfones with primary halides and with Michael acceptors.

Phenolsulfonphthalein (Phenol red) is a pH indicator frequently used in cell biology laboratories. In medicine phenolsulfonphthalein is used as a test to help diagnose problems or disease of the kidneys. This test determines how well the kidneys are working. The test is based on the fact that phenol red is excreted almost entirely in the urine. Phenol red solution is administered intravenously, the urine produced is collected. By measuring the amount of phenol red excreted colorimetrically, kidney function can be determined. Phenolsulfonphthalein has being shown to be a mild estrogenic stimulus. Phenolsulfonphthalein as Phenol red thread test is used to diagnose dry eyes syndrome.

Sorbitan monostearate (Span 60) is a non-ionic surfactant with emulsifying, dispersing, and wetting properties used as a food additive, additive in mixtures for drug use and in skin care products. It is approved for use by FDA in quantities not exceeding the amount reasonably required to accomplish the intended effect. 0.5-5% of Liposorb® S (sorbitan monostearate) is used for oil-in-water emulsions in combination with a high hydrophilic-lipophilic balance emulsifier to produce smooth lotions and creams in skin and hair care, make-up bases, and mild cleaning products. Sorbitan monostearate based organogels and vesicles (niosomes) formulated to enhance the oral bioavailability were characterized for use as a drug delivery vehicle. In combination with other non-ionic surfactants sorbitan monostearate is patented for use in vaccine formulations as a saponin-containing adjuvant for oil-in-water injectable emulsions. It is fatty acid ester of sorbitan (a sorbitol derivative) and stearic acid sometimes called synthetic wax. Has low hydrophilic-lipophilic balance. Non-toxic.