Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is a colorles, highly toxic gas with a choking or suffocating odor. It is used as a pharmaceutical aid and antioxidant. It reacts easily with other substances to form harmful compounds, such as sulfuric acid, sulfurous acid and sulfate particles. About 99% of the sulfur dioxide in air comes from human sources. The main source of sulfur dioxide in the air is industrial activity that processes materials that contain sulfur, eg the generation of electricity from coal, oil or gas that contains sulfur. Some mineral ores also contain sulfur, and sulfur dioxide is released when they are processed. In addition, industrial activities that burn fossil fuels containing sulfur can be important sources of sulfur dioxide. Sulfur dioxide affects human health when it is breathed in. It irritates the nose, throat, and airways to cause coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, or a tight feeling around the chest. The effects of sulfur dioxide are felt very quickly and most people would feel the worst symptoms in 10 or 15 minutes after breathing it in. Sulfur dioxide is used to increase the storage life and preserve the color and flavor of fruits and vegetables and as a disinfectant in breweries, wineries and food factories. It prevents the formation of nitroamines in beer and reduces free chlorine after water treatment. It is used as a bleaching agent in the textile, paper pulp, wool and fresh produce industries and as a fumigant for grain and against lice and mites in veterinary practice. It also serves as a chemical intermediate in the manufacture of chlorine dioxide, sodium sulfate, thionyl chloride and organic sulfonates. It is used as a reducing agent of iron in mineral processing, as a cleaning agent for metallic oxides, as an oxidizing agent in lithium batteries, as an oxygen scavenger and extractive solvent in petroleum refining, in glass manufacture and as a neutralizing agent. SO2 can be generated endogenously in mammals. In contrast to the toxic effects of SO2, protective effects have also been found in mammals. Endogenous SO2 has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-hypertension, and anti-atherogenic effects and regulates vascular tone and cardiac function in mammals. SO2 may have a dual role in regulating physiological and pathophysiological effects in mammals. Studies have shown that SO2 can also regulate levels of lipid metabolism. In male Sprague–Dawley rats on a normal or a high cholesterol diet, inhalation of 5 ppm and 10 ppm SO2 gas (for 14 days) increased plasma triglyceride levels and decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. However, in rats treated with a high cholesterol diet for 8 weeks, plasma total cholesterol increased and high-density lipoproteincholesterol decreased. After treatment with an SO2 donor the plasma levels of triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were markedly decreased. In addition, the SO2 donor significantly decreased atherosclerotic lesions. These data suggest that SO2 regulates lipid metabolism. The mechanism may be related to upregulation of the disturbed endogenous H2S pathway, increased plasma glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, aortic tissue SOD1 and SOD2 protein expression, and decreased malondialdehyde generation. The antioxidant effect of SO2 might involve one of these mechanisms, which could directly prevent the progression of atherosclerotic lesions. Sulfur dioxide and its derivatives have significant vasodilatory effects. SO2 decreased systolic blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats which may be related to its vasorelaxing effect. Compared with exogenous SO2 vasoactive effects, it was discovered that endogenous SO2 had an important vasorelaxing function which is necessary for maintaining normal blood vascular tone.

PROPYLENE GLYCOL DICAPRYLATE is an inactive component (flavoring agent) of Lotrimin Ultra®, which is an antifungal used for cure most jock itch and ringworm, and relieves itching, burning, cracking, and scaling which accompany these conditions.

ATBC, Acetyl Tributyl Citrate is a plasticizer which can easily substitute those plasticizers to be phased out by the EU by February 2015. Actually, one of the main ATBC application is substitution of Phthalates plasticizers (Acetyl Tributyl Citrate is a Phthalate-FREE, bio based plasticizer). ATBC, is a safe, non-toxic plasticizer, biodegradable, mainly used as plasticizer of PVC, cellulose resin and synthetic rubber. Some of its main applications are toys for children, medical products such as blood bags, food packaging materials, and cosmetics; as well as all main PVC compounds, and fixative of inks in the flexographic industry. ATBC is almost colourless and odourless oily liquid, free of foreign materials, insoluble in water but soluble in alcohols and organic solvents. Compared with benzoates plasticizers, ATBC is perfectly odourless. Compared with other Phthalate-FREE plasticizers, ATBC is biodegradable, 100% biobased and it is not a kind of hydrogenated phthalate. Acetyl Tributyl Citrate is recognized as a Safe and Biodegradable plasticizer, with fewer biochemical effects.

Tristearin is a chemical compound from the group of simple triglycerides. All three hydroxy groups of glycerol are esterified with stearic acid. It was shown that in tristearin treated human umbilical vein smooth muscle cells (HUVSMCs), the saturated fatty acid content was increased, and the compositions of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and monounsaturated fatty acid were decreased significantly. Tristearin had significant promotion effects on the proliferation of HUVSMCs induced by oxidized‐LDL. Tristearin is a triacylglycerol commonly found in dietary fats. It increases serum cholesterol levels in rats. Tristearin is also used to form the lipid matrices of solid lipid nanoparticles. Formulations containing tristearin are used in cosmetic products to condition skin and as thickening agents.

Diisopropyl adipate, a skin's surface lubricant, is used to dissolve other substances in cosmetics and personal care products, for example, in LADYS CHOICE INVISIBLE SOLID ANTIPERSPIRANT DEODORANT CUCUMBER MELON. In addition, diisopropyl adipate is an inactive ingredient of JUBLIA (efinaconazole), which is used for topical treatment of onychomycosis of the toenail(s) due to Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes.

Because of its unusually heavy bodying properties, aluminum monostearate is used in the manufacture of paints, inks, greases, and waxes In recent years, hydrophobic aluminum monostearate was tested as a low-solubility denitrification substrate for anaerobic bacteria and a source of aluminum for phosphate precipitation. Aluminum monostearate can be used as a component of vehicle for delivery of drugs.

Coenzyme Q10, also known as ubiquinone, ubidecarenone, coenzyme Q, and abbreviated at times to CoQ10 or Q10 is a coenzyme that is ubiquitous in the bodies of most animals. It is a 1,4-benzoquinone, where Q refers to the quinone chemical group and 10 refers to the number of isoprenyl chemical subunits in its tail. This fat-soluble substance, which resembles a vitamin, is present in most eukaryotic cells, primarily in the mitochondria. It is a component of the electron transport chain and participates in aerobic cellular respiration, which generates energy in the form of ATP. Ninety-five percent of the human body’s energy is generated this way. Therefore, those organs with the highest energy requirements—such as the heart, liver, and kidney—have the highest CoQ10 concentrations. There are three redox states of CoQ10: fully oxidized (ubiquinone), semiquinone (ubisemiquinone), and fully reduced (ubiquinol). The capacity of this molecule to act as a 2 electron carrier (moving between the quinone and quinol form) and 1 electron carrier (moving between the semiquinone and one of these other forms) is central to its role in the electron transport chain, and as radical-scavenging antioxidant. Coenzyme Q10 works foremost in every cell of your body to synthesize energy. In cells' mitochondria, CoQ10 helps generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP), your body's energy currency. It makes sense that organs with the highest energy needs - including the heart, liver, and kidneys - contain large amounts of CoQ10. Among its roles, ubiquinol protects fats, protein, low-density lipoprotein (LDL, a cholesterol transporter), and DNA from oxidative damage. It also regenerates vitamin E, another powerful antioxidant. Even though Coenzyme Q10 is a supplement and occurs naturally in your body, it doesn't mean that it's side effect free. However, most CoQ10 side effects are mild. Some people may experience allergies to increased Coenzyme Q10. There have been some reports of rashes and itching. Other side effects include a lowering of blood sugar within the body. CoQ10 is not approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of any medical condition. It is sold as a dietary supplement. In the U.S., supplements are not regulated as drugs, but as foods. How CoQ10 is manufactured is not regulated and different batches and brands may vary significantly. As an over-the-counter nutritional supplement, CoQ10 has been used to treat many things, from heart disease, high blood pressure and high cholesterol to diabetes, breast cancer and gum disease. CoQ10 supposedly can help with immune deficiencies, increase fertility, treat Alzheimer's and Parkinson's, reduce ringing in the ears, delay aging and improve skin, and increase athleticism The key benefits of coenzyme Q10 are summarized as below. A 2014 Cochrane Collaboration meta-analysis found "no convincing evidence to support or refute" the use of CoQ10 for the treatment of heart failure. Evidence with respect to preventing heart disease in those who are otherwise healthy is also poor. A 2009 Cochrane review concluded that studies looking at the effects of CoQ10 on blood pressure were unreliable, and therefore no conclusions could be made regarding its effectiveness in lowering blood pressure. Available evidence suggests that "CoQ10 is likely ineffective in moderately improving" the chorea associated with Huntington's disease. No large well-designed clinical trials of CoQ10 in cancer treatment have been done. The National Cancer Institute identified issues with the few, small studies that have been done stating, "the way the studies were done and the amount of information reported made it unclear if benefits were caused by the CoQ10 or by something else". The American Cancer Society has concluded, "CoQ10 may reduce the effectiveness of chemo and radiation therapy, so most oncologists would recommend avoiding it during cancer treatment. Lower levels of CoQ10 have also been observed in people with Parkinson's disease. Preliminary research has found that increasing CoQ10 may increase levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine, which is thought to be lowered in people with Parkinson's disease. It has also been suggested that CoQ10 might protect brain cells from damage by free radicals. A small, randomized controlled trial examined the use of 360 mg CoQ10 or a placebo in 28 treated and stable Parkinson's disease patients. After 4 weeks, CoQ10 provided a mild but significant significant mild improvement in early Parkinson's symptoms and significantly improved performance in visual function. As an antioxidant, Coenzyme Q10 helps protect your body against the harmful effects of toxins and also aids the absorption of beneficial vitamins and minerals. Antioxidants are sometimes credited with boosting weight loss, possibly due to their energising effect on the body helping increase the fat-burning benefits of exercise.

Calteridol is tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7-triacetic acid derivative patented by Bracco and Dibra S.P.A.

Glabridin is an isoflavane found in the root extract of licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra). Glabridin is considered to be a phytoestrogen and has been associated with numerous biological properties ranging from antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, anti-atherogenic effects, to the regulation of energy metabolism, but also including anti-tumorigenic, anti-nephritic, antibacterial and skin-whitening activities. A glabridin-enriched extract is widely used in a cosmetic formulation as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and skin whitening agent. Anti-inflammatory action of glabridin is linked to downregulation of NF-κB, AP-1 and MAPKS signaling. Glabridin-induced attenuation of atherosclerosis is related to a reduction in macrophages-associated oxidation of low-density lipoprotein.