Homochlorcyclizine (INN) is an antihistamine which has been marketed in Japan since 1965. It is used in the treatment of Itching sensation resulting from skin diseases (eczema or dermatitis, pruritus, drug eruption, toxic erythema and infant strophulus), urticaria and allergic rhinitis. Homochlorcyclizine hydrochloride possesses several pharmacological properties: 1) inhibits bradykinin-induced contractions of isolated guinea pig ileum; 2)partially blocks SRS-A (slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis )- induced contractions in isolated guinea pig il eum. 3) Homochlorcyclizine hydrochloride completely inhibits histamine-induced contractions at a concentration of 0.1μg/mL, while it completely inhibits serotonin or acetylcholine- induced contractions at a concentration of 1μg/mL.

Vinylbital is a barbiturate derivative. It was introduced into therapy in 1963 and used as a sedative and in the treatment of insomnia.

KETAZOLAM, a benzodiazepine with an additional d-face-fused heterocyclic ring, possesses anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, sedative and skeletal muscle relaxant properties. It is used for the treatment of anxiety and spasticity.

Gepefrine (Pressionorm and Wintonin) is an antihypotensive agent. It was used for therapy of orthostatic dysregulation. One hour after oral administration of 30 mg or 45 mg gepefrine the blood pressure increased significantly at rest and more markedly on standing and during the step test. Gepefrine led to a reduction in pathological orthostatic regulation during the early phase as well as to the prevention of subjective and objective signs of orthostatic adjustment disorder during the late phase. Patients with insufficient rise in blood pressure during the step test (80 watts) showed after gepefrine a distinct tendency towards normalisation and the regression of subjective states of exhaustion. Gepefrine caused on average no substantive alternations in heart rate during all phases of the investigation. Complications or side-effects due to the method or the medicament were not observed.

Tilarginine is L-N-monomethyl arginine (L -NMMA), a non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), which has been studied in the treatment of septic shock and cardiogenic shock complicating myocardial infarction. Despite strong evidence that excessive nitric oxide (NO) production plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of septic shock and may contribute to the pathogenesis of cardiogenic shock complicating myocardial infarction, outcome studies in these two disorders have proved disappointing. Tilarginine therapy was associated with an excess mortality, particularly at doses > 5 mg/(kg h), in septic shock, whereas the effects of a lower dose (1 mg/(kg h)) in cardiogenic shock complicating myocardial infarction were neutral. The excess mortality in patients with septic shock was almost certainly the result of unfavorable hemodynamic changes induced by Tilarginine (decreased cardiac output, increased pulmonary vascular resistance and reduced tissue oxygen delivery) whereas the lack of benefit in patients with cardiogenic shock complicating myocardial infarction may have been because the dose of Tilarginine was too low.

Dimethindene (+)- is one of Dimethindene enantiomer that is a subtype-selective M2 muscarinic receptor antagonist. Dimetindene (trade name Fenistil; other name dimethindene maleate) is a potent antipruritic antihistamine, characterized by the small size of its effective dose and its rapidity of action. Dimetindene is an antihistamine/anticholinergic that is a selective H1 antagonist. Its effect sets in after 20 to 60 minutes and lasts several hours. Dimetindene drops as well as Dimetindene syrup is particularly indicated in pediatric practice. Dimetindene is indicated as symptomatic treatment of allergic reactions: urticaria, allergies of the upper respiratory tract such as hay fever and perennial rhinitis, food, and drug allergies; pruritus of various origins, except pruritus due to cholestasis; insect bites. Dimetindene is also indicated for pruritus in eruptive skin diseases such as chickenpox. Dimetindene can be as an adjuvant in eczema and other pruriginous dermatoses of allergic origin.

Trichlorfon (Metrifonate), the organophosphorous cholinesterase inhibitor, O,O-dimethylhydroxy-2,2,2-trichlorethyl-phosphonate, has been used sporadically in the treatment of human schistosomiasis for a decade. It has selective and variable schistosomicidal activity against S. haematobium that results from its partial metabolism to a highly active anti-cholinesterase, dichlorvos. Schistosomal cholinesterase is more susceptible to this metabolite than that of the human host, but transient reductions in both plasma and erythrocyte cholinesterase activity are demonstrable at therapeutic dosage. However, despite early concerns about its potential toxicity, metrifonate is well tolerated and has been used effectively and extensively in large-scale control programmes. Its potential to enhance central nervous system cholinergic neurotransmission led to clinical trials for the treatment of people with Alzheimer's disease (AD).

Trichlorfon (Metrifonate), the organophosphorous cholinesterase inhibitor, O,O-dimethylhydroxy-2,2,2-trichlorethyl-phosphonate, has been used sporadically in the treatment of human schistosomiasis for a decade. It has selective and variable schistosomicidal activity against S. haematobium that results from its partial metabolism to a highly active anti-cholinesterase, dichlorvos. Schistosomal cholinesterase is more susceptible to this metabolite than that of the human host, but transient reductions in both plasma and erythrocyte cholinesterase activity are demonstrable at therapeutic dosage. However, despite early concerns about its potential toxicity, metrifonate is well tolerated and has been used effectively and extensively in large-scale control programmes. Its potential to enhance central nervous system cholinergic neurotransmission led to clinical trials for the treatment of people with Alzheimer's disease (AD).

Epalrestat is an aldose reductase inhibitor that is approved in Japan for the improvement of subjective neuropathy symptoms, abnormality of vibration sense, and abnormal changes in heart beat associated with diabetic peripheral neuropathy.

Manidipine, (R)- is enantiomer of Manidipine a lipophilic, third-generation dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist with a high degree of selectivity for the vasculature, thereby inducing marked peripheral vasodilation with negligible cardiodepression. Manidipine has different pharmacological effects and (S)-manidipine is shown to be about 30–80 times more potent than (R)-manidipine in its antihypertensive action and in the radioligand binding assay. Patch-clamp experiments revealed that the S-enantiomers of manidipine displayed a faster onset of action and produced a greater blockade than the R-enantiomer. Also, manidipine enantiomers have markedly different pharmacokinetics and the S/R ratio for (S)- and (R)-enantiomer concentrations is 2.0