5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide (DMPO), a highly reactive and short-lived compound, which is a commonly used as a spin trap that reacts with radicals. It can control intracellular nitroso-redox balance by scavenging ROS and donating NO. Experiments with bovine aortic endothelial cells have shown that post-treatment with DMPO of oxidatively challenged cells reversed eNOS dysfunction and could have pharmacological implications in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Besides DMPO can reacts with the amino acid- and DNA base-derived radicals to form protein- and DNA-DMPO nitroxide radical adducts, respectively. These adducts then decay to form very stable product macromolecule-DMPO-nitrone and can be detected by mass spectrometry, NMR or immunochemistry by the use of anti-DMPO nitrone antibodies. Thus Anti-DMPO antibodies can be used to determine the distribution of free radicals in cells and tissues and even in living animals and this may have a main role for the understanding the role of free radicals in biochemistry, medicine, and toxicology.

Diosgenin acetate is a naturally occuring steroidal sapogenin.

Geldanamycin, an antimicrobial compound, was purified in 1970 from the culture filtrates of Streptomyces hygroscopicus var. geldanus var. nova. Geldanamycin is moderately active in vitro against protozoa, bacteria, and fungi. It also has an antineoplastic effect against some cancer cells growing in culture. Molecular studies revealed the binding of geldanamycin to members of the heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) family of molecular chaperones. Interference with the function of these HSPs seems to be the major mechanism of action of geldanamycin.

4-tert-octylphenol (OP) is a compound of the class of endocrine disruptors. In 2011 it was added to the list of Substances of Very High Concern (SVHCs) based on the results of an evaluation of the effects of 4-tert-octylphenol (OP) on the growth, survival, and steroid hormone and cAMP production by isolated 14-day-old rats (Sprague-Dawley) ovarian follicles. During a 5-day culture with isolated ovarian follicles, OP decreased estradiol and testosterone secretion in a dose-dependent manner, decreased forskolin-induced cAMP levels, and showed no effect on aromatase activity.

3-methoxycatechol is a derivative of catchol. Despite initial interest in its antioxidant properties, 3-methoxycatechol has demonstrated carcinogenic properties in rat models both in vitro and in vivo.

Lucidin-3-O-primeveroside (LuP) is an anthraquinone derivative present in Rubia tinctorum L. (madder root), which has been used as a coloring agent and food additive. LuP can be metabolically converted to genotoxic compound lucidin, which subsequently forms lucidin-specific N2-2'-deoxyguanosine (N2-dG) and N6-2'-deoxyadenosine (N6-dA) DNA adducts. Lucidin is mutagenic and carcinogenic in rodents but has low carcinogenic risks in humans. Lucidin adduct destabilizes DNA structure and reduces fidelity and processivity of DNA synthesis.

Monocrotaline is an 11-membered macrocyclic pyrrolizidine alkaloid derived from the seeds of the Crotalaria spectabilis plant. Monocrotaline is activated to the reactive pyrrole metabolite dehydromonocrotaline in the liver, a reaction that is highly dependent on cytochrome P-450 (CYP3A4). Monocrotaline induces a syndrome characterized, among other manifestations, by pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary mononuclear vasculitis (acute necrotizing pulmonary arteritis in about one-third of the animals), and right ventricular hypertrophy. Monocrotaline is widely used to model pulmonary arterial hypertension in rodents. Monocrotaline aggregates on and activates the extracellular calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) of pulmonary artery endothelial cells to trigger endothelial damage and, ultimately, induces pulmonary hypertension.

Magnesium decanoate is used or intended for use as a binder, emulsifier and anticaking agent in food in accordance with good manufacturing practice.

2-keto-L-gulonic acid (2-KLG) is a direct precursor (lactone) of L-ascorbic acid (vitamin C). 2-Keto-L-gulonic Acid is used in biological studies for the formation of sorbitol metabolism by Acetobacter melanogenus. Ketogulonigenium vulgare has long been used in industry to produce 2-keto-L-gulonic acid (2KGA).

Indirect additive used in food contact substances, GRAS. Manganese caprylate can be used as a drier when migrating from food packaging material, with no limitation other than good manufacturing practices.