Phosphorylation is one of the most important protein post-translation modifications. The phosphorylation of threonine is the addition of a phosphoryl group to its polar side chains group through the action of a threonine kinase. Threonine phosphate (also known as phosphothreonine) can be detected in the urine of human. Besides, was revealed the age dependence excretion of phosphothreonine acid in normal subjects.

Ceanothic acid, a substance previously isolated by Julian, Pikl, and Dawson, has been shown to be a triterpenoid related to the lupeol–betulin group, but in which ring A is five-membered. It has been degraded to the keto ester A norbetulonic acid methyl ester, a substance of defined constitution and stereochemistry. A recent study revealed that Paliurus ramossisimus (Rhamnaceae) is rich in ceanothic acid. Ceanothic Acid shows potent cytotoxicity on OVCAR-3, HeLa, and FS-5 Cells

Glyceryl 2-acetate is a product of glycerol esterification with acetic acid.

The compound is an impurity of ritonavir, a selective HIV protease inhibitor.

(S)-warfarin is P4502C9-catalyzed to its major and biologically inactive metabolite S-7-hydroxywarfarin. S-7-hydroxywarfarin can be used to determine S-warfarin hydroxylation. S-warfarin is predominantly metabolized to S-7-hydroxywarfarin, catalyzed by CYP2C9, in humans but not mice.

Magnesium potassium selenite is freely soluble selenite salt, that can be used as a source of bioavailable selenium. There is no information about biological and pharmacological application of Magnesium potassium selenite.

TETRAHYDROPALMATINE, (+)- is an alkaloid found in the plants of the Carydalis species. Tetrahydropalmatine (THP) has two enantiomers with different effects on the brain dopaminergic system. Dopamine (DA) content reduction in the rat striatum induced by d-THP is much more dose-dependent. At a small dose, d-THP predominantly reduced the DA level but left serotonin and noradrenaline level unaffected. d-THP is probably a DA depletor. There were stereoselective differences between the two THP enantiomers on the activity of cytochrome P450 (CYP450) isozymes, i.e., d-THP had the potential to inhibit the activities of CYP2D6 and CYP1A2 isozymes, while l-THP inhibited CYP1A2 isozyme and induced CYP3A4 and CYP2C9 isozymes. The plasma levels of l-THP were always higher than those of d-THP in rats.

(2S,3AS,6AS)-1-((2R)-2-(((1S)-1-(Ethoxycarbonyl)-3-phenylpropyl)amino)propanoy)octahydrocyclopenta(B)pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid is one of many isomers of ramipril and is known as Impurity I. Ramipril is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension) and congestive heart failure.

(R,S,S,S,S)-Ramipril Epimer is one of many isomers of ramipril and is known as Impurity H. Ramipril is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension) and congestive heart failure.

CP-673,451 is a potent inhibitor of platelet-derived growth factor beta-receptor (PDGFR-beta) kinase- and PDGF-BB-stimulated autophosphorylation of PDGFR-beta in cells. CP 673451 in a sponge implant model where a surgical sponge was soaked with PDGFBB to initiate angiogenesis, CP 673451 inhibited 75% of PDGF-BB-stimulated angiogenesis at a dose of 3 mg/kg for 5 days. CP 673451 did not inhibit angiogenesis induced by either VEGF or bFGF in the sponge. CP 673451 also inhibited tumour growth in H460 human lung carcinoma, Colo205 and LS174T human colon carcinomas and U87MG human glioblastoma multiforme xenograft models. CP-673,451 has not been studied in clinical trials due to issues with toxicity in preclinical studies.