(S)-carvedilol, an enantiomer of the drug carvedilol, which is used in the treatment of mild to moderate congestive heart failure. (S)-carvedilol is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptor blocker. It was shown, that only (S)-carvedilol caused beta-blockade. It was suggested, that the weak clinical net effect of beta-blockade of (R, S)-carvedilol at rest could be one reason why this drug causes fewer side effects than other beta-blockers, such as a reduction of nocturnal melatonin release.

SDB-006 is a cannabimimetic indole that binds the central cannabinoid (CB1) and peripheral cannabinoid (CB2) receptors with EC50 values of 19 and 134 nM, respectively. SDB-006 was discovered during research of the related compound JWH-018 adamantyl carboxamide, which has been sold illicitly in herbal blends.

There is no information about biological and pharmacological application of lead selenate. It is known, that this is insoluble in water salt of lead and selenic acid, and can be soluble in concentrated acids.

Melezitose is a nonreducing trisaccharide sugar that is produced by many plant sap-eating insects, including aphids such as Cinara pilicornis. Melezitose is beneficial to the insects, as it reduces the stress of osmosis by reducing their own water potential. The melezitose is part of the honeydew which acts as an attractant for ants and also as a food for bees. Melezitose fatty acid monoesters are potential surfactants, that may solubilize hydrophobic drugs for parenteral formulations.

Fumonisin B, a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium moniliforme, causes neuronal degeneration, liver and renal toxicity, cancer, and another injury to animals. It was discovered, that fumonisin B1 inhibited sphingosine (sphinganine) N-acyltransferase and de novo sphingolipid biosynthesis. It was suggested, that fumonisin B1 might have two modes of interaction with ceramide synthase. The “sphinganine-like” domain may interact with the sphinganine binding site, and the negatively charged tricarbyllic acid groups may interact with the fatty acyl-CoA binding site (by mimicking the polyanionic phosphate groups of the CoA). The latter interaction is probably not the most important because fumonisin B1 does not inhibit another CoA-dependent enzyme (serine palmitoyltransferase) or labeling of glycerolipids. The ability of fumonisin B1 to interact with both binding sites might account for its potency.

CYM 9484 is a highly potent and selective small molecule neuropeptide Y Y2 receptor antagonist

b-Isospartaine is a C2 symmetrical diastereoisomer of Sparteine. It has been found in a variety of Lupus species. b-Isospartaine exhibited the potent acute toxic response for mice but less prominent than (-)-Sparteine has (LD50=92.5 mg/kg vs 47.5mg/kg, respectively).

4'-Hydroxycarvedilol is a metabolite of Carvedilol. Incubation of R (+) - and S(-)-carvedilol with rat liver microsomes showed the formation of four oxidative metabolites: 1-hydroxycarvedilol (1-OHC), 8-hydroxycarvedilol (8-OHC), 4'-hydroxycarvedilol (4'-OHC), and O-desmethylcarvedilol (DesC). From in vivo metabolism studies were obtained, that 1-OHC and 8-OHC were the major products for both enantiomers used as a substrate. Also was invented, that 4'-hydroxycarvedilol slightly more effective than carvedilol in suppressing of store overload-induced calcium release (SOICR) through the cardiac ryanodine receptor (RyR2), which can trigger ventricular arrhythmias.

Dihydro-β-erythroidine is a competitive nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist with moderate selectivity for the neuronal α4 receptor subunit. Dihydro-β-erythroidine have curare-like effects at peripheral nicotinic receptors, which include severe respiratory depression. Thus in vivo behavioral studies using Dihydro-β-erythroidine are limited. Dihydro-β-erythroidine antagonizes behavioral effects of nicotine in vivo. After s.c. administration, Dihydro-β-erythroidine was potent in blocking nicotine's effects except for antinociception. Intrathecal injection of Dihydro-β-erythroidine was effective in blocking the antinociceptive effect of nicotine.