Eltoprazine, a 5-HT1A/B receptor partial agonist, was created by Duphar in the 1980s (as DU-28853) and was subsequently developed by Solvay to treat pathological aggression. This drug is in clinical development for the treatment of Parkinson's disease levodopa-induced dyskinesia (PD-LID), Alzheimer's aggression and adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (adult ADHD). In addition, was shown, that the drug could be useful for normalizing prefrontal cognitive abilities, reducing aggression and impulsivity, and improving cognitive function in schizophrenia.

LEVAMFETAMINE the levorotatory form of amphetamine. L-amphetamine, is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant known to increase wakefulness and concentration in association with decreased appetite and fatigue. Pharmaceuticals that contain levoamphetamine are currently indicated and prescribed for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), obesity, and narcolepsy in some countries. L-Amphetamine succinate was sold in Hungary between 1952 and 1955 under the brand name Cydril.

LEVAMFETAMINE the levorotatory form of amphetamine. L-amphetamine, is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant known to increase wakefulness and concentration in association with decreased appetite and fatigue. Pharmaceuticals that contain levoamphetamine are currently indicated and prescribed for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), obesity, and narcolepsy in some countries. L-Amphetamine succinate was sold in Hungary between 1952 and 1955 under the brand name Cydril.

LEVAMFETAMINE the levorotatory form of amphetamine. L-amphetamine, is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant known to increase wakefulness and concentration in association with decreased appetite and fatigue. Pharmaceuticals that contain levoamphetamine are currently indicated and prescribed for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), obesity, and narcolepsy in some countries. L-Amphetamine succinate was sold in Hungary between 1952 and 1955 under the brand name Cydril.

Lobeline is an alkaloid found in "Indian tobacco" (Lobelia inflata), "Devil's tobacco" (Lobelia tupa), "cardinal flower" (Lobelia cardinalis), "great lobelia" (Lobelia siphilitica), and Hippobroma longiflora. Additionally, it is also found in Lobelia Chinensis. In its pure form, it is a white amorphous powder which is freely soluble in water. Lobeline has been sold, in tablet form, for use as a smoking cessation aid, and may have application in the treatment of other drug addictions such as addiction to amphetamines, cocaine, or alcohol. Lobeline has multiple mechanisms of action, acting as a VMAT2 ligand, which stimulates dopamine release to a moderate extent when administered alone, but reduces the dopamine release caused by methamphetamine. It also inhibits the reuptake of dopamine and serotonin and acts as a mixed agonist-antagonist at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors to which it binds at the subunit interfaces of the extracellular domain. It is also an antagonist at μ-opioid receptors. It seems to be a P-glycoprotein inhibitor, according to at least one study. It has been hypothesized that P-glycoprotein inhibition reduces chemotherapeutic resistance in cancer, presumably affecting any substrates of P-gp.

Lobeline is an alkaloid found in "Indian tobacco" (Lobelia inflata), "Devil's tobacco" (Lobelia tupa), "cardinal flower" (Lobelia cardinalis), "great lobelia" (Lobelia siphilitica), and Hippobroma longiflora. Additionally, it is also found in Lobelia Chinensis. In its pure form, it is a white amorphous powder which is freely soluble in water. Lobeline has been sold, in tablet form, for use as a smoking cessation aid, and may have application in the treatment of other drug addictions such as addiction to amphetamines, cocaine, or alcohol. Lobeline has multiple mechanisms of action, acting as a VMAT2 ligand, which stimulates dopamine release to a moderate extent when administered alone, but reduces the dopamine release caused by methamphetamine. It also inhibits the reuptake of dopamine and serotonin and acts as a mixed agonist-antagonist at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors to which it binds at the subunit interfaces of the extracellular domain. It is also an antagonist at μ-opioid receptors. It seems to be a P-glycoprotein inhibitor, according to at least one study. It has been hypothesized that P-glycoprotein inhibition reduces chemotherapeutic resistance in cancer, presumably affecting any substrates of P-gp.

Tipepidine (INN) also known as tipepidine hibenzate (JAN), is a synthetic, non-opioid antitussive and expectorant of the thiambutene class. The drug was discovered in the 1950s, and was developed in Japan in 1959. It is used as the hibenzate and citrate salts. The safety of tipepidine in children and adults has already been established. It is reported that tipepidine inhibits G-protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium (GIRK)-channel currents. The inhibition of GIRK channels by tipepidine is expected to modulate the level of monoamines in the brain. Tipepidine can improve attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms by modulating monoaminergic neurotransmission through the inhibition of GIRK channels. Tipepidine also is being investigated in depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). As it acts on the central nervous system, overdose can cause altered mental status and other neurological symptoms; however, there have been few reports of tipepidine intoxication, including six cases in children and no cases in adults.

Tipepidine (INN) also known as tipepidine hibenzate (JAN), is a synthetic, non-opioid antitussive and expectorant of the thiambutene class. The drug was discovered in the 1950s, and was developed in Japan in 1959. It is used as the hibenzate and citrate salts. The safety of tipepidine in children and adults has already been established. It is reported that tipepidine inhibits G-protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium (GIRK)-channel currents. The inhibition of GIRK channels by tipepidine is expected to modulate the level of monoamines in the brain. Tipepidine can improve attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms by modulating monoaminergic neurotransmission through the inhibition of GIRK channels. Tipepidine also is being investigated in depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). As it acts on the central nervous system, overdose can cause altered mental status and other neurological symptoms; however, there have been few reports of tipepidine intoxication, including six cases in children and no cases in adults.

Fasoracetam is a cognition enhancer that interacts with GABA(B) receptors, stimulates neuronal ACh receptors and modulates mGlu receptors. The drug is being tested in phase III/II of clinical trials for the treatment of Attention Deficit Disorder With Hyperactivity in people with genetic disorders impacting mGlu receptors and never been approved by FDA. Fasoracetam is also being marketed in the form of capsules for research purposes aimed at investigation of cognition and memory disorders.

Tipepidine (INN) also known as tipepidine hibenzate (JAN), is a synthetic, non-opioid antitussive and expectorant of the thiambutene class. The drug was discovered in the 1950s, and was developed in Japan in 1959. It is used as the hibenzate and citrate salts. The safety of tipepidine in children and adults has already been established. It is reported that tipepidine inhibits G-protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium (GIRK)-channel currents. The inhibition of GIRK channels by tipepidine is expected to modulate the level of monoamines in the brain. Tipepidine can improve attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms by modulating monoaminergic neurotransmission through the inhibition of GIRK channels. Tipepidine also is being investigated in depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). As it acts on the central nervous system, overdose can cause altered mental status and other neurological symptoms; however, there have been few reports of tipepidine intoxication, including six cases in children and no cases in adults.