CVT-6883 (GS 6201) is an A2B adenosine receptor antagonist originated by CV Therapeutics and developed by Gilead Sciences or the treatment of pulmonary diseases. In vitro studies have suggested that the activation of the A2B adenosine receptor may potentially have Proinflammatory and profibrotic effects that could be significant in the development of lung diseases. In adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficient mice, treatment with GS 6201 resulted in significantly less pulmonary inflammation, fibrosis, and alveolar airway enlargement compared with ADA-deficient mice treated with placebo. A range of doses of GS 6201 was well tolerated in healthy volunteers in a phase I multiple ascending dose trial.

Olesoxime (TRO19622) a small-molecule with a cholesterol-like structure has remarkable neuroprotective properties for motor neurons in cell culture and in rodents. The biopharmaceutical company Trophos initially developed this compound. This medicine is in phase II clinical trial in treating spinal muscular atrophy and in phase I for patients with stable relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis. This drug was also investigated in phase III clinical trial for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, but it did not demonstrate a significant increase in survival versus placebo and that study was discontinued. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that the olesoxime promoted the function and survival of neurons and other cell types under disease-relevant stress conditions through interactions with the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP).

RO-20-1724 is a potent inhibitor of Phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) originally developed by Roche. It showed some promise as a potential treatment for psoriasis, but it was discontinued when it could not match the efficacy of existing treatments. RO-20-1724 was also investigated as a potential treatment for asthma and septic shock.

JTC 801 was developed by Japan Tobacco as a novel opioid receptor-like1 (ORL(1)) receptor antagonist. It was found, that JTC-801 completely antagonized the suppression of nociceptin on the forskolin-induced accumulation of cyclic AMP using ORL(1) receptor expressing HeLa cells in vitro. JTC 801 produced analgesic effects and was studied in phase II of a clinical trial for the treatment of neuropathic, cancer and postoperative pain. Nevertheless, that studies were discontinued.

AMG-487 is a potent and selective orally bioavailable chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 3 (CXCR3) antagonist that displays dose- and time-dependent pharmacokinetics in human subjects after multiple oral dosing. AMG-487 is an 8-azaquinazolinone, it can prevent the chemokines I-IP-10 and I-ITAC from binding to CXCR3. The preclinical properties of AMG487 has been extensively studied. The compound displays a greater than 1000-fold selectivity for CXCR3 versus a panel of other receptors, including 11 chemokine receptors. The safety profile of AMG487, as assessed by various genotoxicity and cardiotoxicity assays, revealed no major concerns. The ability of AMG487 to inhibit inflammatory cell migration in vivo was confirmed in a mouse model of bleomycin-induced cellular recruitment, where AMG487 significantly reduced infiltration of macrophages and lymphocytes into the lungs in CXCR3-KO mice. In a mouse model for idiopathic pneumonia syndrome (IPS), AMG487 reduced recruitment of donor T cells to the lung after allogeneic stem cell transplantation, leading to improved survival rates. Likewise, reductions in inflammation, pannus formation, and cartilage damage were observed upon administering AMG487. The preclinical studies convincingly paved the way for clinical studies on two inflammation-related diseases: psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis. In 2003, results of a Phase I trial on AMG487 were disclosed. The compound was assessed for safety and pharmacokinetics in 30 healthy males in a randomised, double blind, placebo-controlled dose-escalation study. Generally, the compound was well tolerated and adverse events were mild to moderate. Disappointingly, no significant differences in the endpoints (psoriasis severity index or physician global assessment scores) were seen between patient groups. AMG-487 progressed to Phase II clinical trials but has been withdrawn because of lack of efficacy.

Selfotel is a competitive NMDA antagonist with (-)-enantiomer is more active than ( )-enantiomer. Selfotel was investigated in phase III clinical trials for ischemic stroke and severe head injury. Development of the drug was discontinued due to lack of efficacy and possible neurotoxicity discovered in clinical trials.

SB-743921 is a synthetic small molecule with potential antineoplastic properties. SB-743921 selectively inhibits the ATP-binding domain of the kinesin spindle protein (KSP), an important protein involved in the early stages of mitosis that is expressed in proliferating cells. Inhibition of KSP results in inhibition of mitotic spindle assembly and interrupts cell division, thereby causing cell cycle arrest and induction of apoptosis. SB-743921 has greater than 40,000 fold selectivity for KSP over other kinesins. SB-743921 has demonstrated promising anti-cancer activity in a variety of in vivo and in vitro human cancer models in preclinical studies. Furthermore, anti-cancer effect has been demonstrated in taxane-refractory malignancies with SB-743921. Toxicity studies demonstrated predictable neutropenias and gastrointestinal toxicities without clear evidence of neurotoxicity. The recommended phase II dose for SB-743921 as a 1-h infusion every 21 days is 4 mg/m2.

PD-153035 is a potent and selective ATP-competitive inhibitor of the epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase EGFR. PD 153035 shows a potent and selective inhibitory effect on tyrosine phosphorylation induced by EGF in Swiss 3T3 fibroblast and A-431 human epidermoid carcinoma cells. PD153035 shows dose-dependent growth inhibitory effects in cultures of EGF receptor-overexpressing human cancer cell lines (A431, Difi, DU145, MDA-MB-468, and ME180) and in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cell lines (NPC-TW01, NPC-TW04, and HONE1). Pretreatment of EGFR inhibitors by 24 hours significantly enhances the cytotoxic effect of doxorubicin, paclitaxel, cisplatin, and 5-fluorouracil in NPCTW04 cells. PD153035 abolishes COX-2 expression induced by the PAR(2)-activating peptide 2-furoyl-LIGRLO-NH(2) (2fLI) in Caco-2 colon cancer cells. In A431 human epidermoid tumors grown as xenografts in immunodeficient nude mice, PD153035 at 80 mg/kg i.p. inhibit EGF receptor tyrosine kinase activity. PD153035 improves glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, and signaling and reduces subclinical inflammation in HFD-fed mice.

SB-271046 is one of the first selective 5-HT6 receptor antagonists to be discovered. SB-271046 is a potent, selective and orally active 5-HT6 receptor antagonist with a pKi value of 8.9. This compound provides a useful tool for further elucidating the physiological function of 5-HT6 receptors in vivo. SB-271046 was found to increase levels of the excitatory amino acid neurotransmitters glutamate and aspartate, as well as dopamine and noradrenaline in the frontal cortex and hippocampus of rats, and 5-HT6 antagonists have been shown to produce nootropic effects in a variety of animal studies. Suggested applications of SB-271046 included treatment of schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders. A phase I clinical development of SB-271046 by GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) was discontinued due to a poor BBB permeability.

S-5751, an orally active prostanoid DP receptor antagonist, had potent anti-inflammatory effects in guinea pig and sheep asthma models. S-5751 had been in phase II clinical trials by Shionogi for the treatment of bronchial asthma. However, this study was discontinued in 2006.