Eptastigmine or heptylphysostigmine is a competitive inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase. Eptastigmine leads to an improvement in the cerebral blood flow in the ischemic brain, excitatory and inhibitory effects on the gastrointestinal tract and to a protection from acute soman and diisopropylfluorophosphate intoxication. Eptastigmine, by either acute or chronic administration, has been found to have memory enhancing effects in different species of normal, aged and lesioned animals. It also restored to normal the age-related increase of EEG power without affecting spontaneous motor activity. Eptastigmine produces significant cognitive, clinical, and functional benefits in patients with probable Alzheimer's Disease. Although the cholinergic tolerability of eptastigmine was found to be favorable, its potential adverse hematologic effects limit its clinical utility.

Embusartan or BAY106734 (6-n-butyl-4-methoxycarbonyl-2-oxo-1[(2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl) -3-fluorobiphenyl-4-yl)methyl] 1,2-dihydropyridine) is an angiotensin II receptors antagonist. Embusartan has beneficial effects in different animal hypertension models. Embusartan appears as a potent and specific new inhibitor of angiotensin II-induced growth-related events in vascular smooth muscle cells. It was being developed for the treatment of hypertension.

Spirendolol (LI 32-468) is a β adrenergic receptor antagonist. It possesses high affinity for metabolic beta-adrenoreceptors which mediate glycogenolysis that is 100 times more potent than propranolol. In human volunteer studies, a single dose of 2 mg LI 32-468 elicited virtually no cardiac beta-adrenoreceptor blockade (predominantly beta-1), whereas a maximal metabolic beta-adrenoreceptor blocking effect (beta-2) was demonstrated. Spirendolol was a potent inhibitor of ocular beta-adrenoceptors, with a 9-12 fold selectivity over inhibition of beta-adrenoceptors in cardiac tissue. When applied topically, Spirendolol was more effective than timolol in decreasing intraocular pressure in normal albino rabbits.

Elzasonan (CP 448187) is a serotonin 1B/1D receptor antagonist. Elzasonan was primarily metabolized via oxidative N‐demethylation, N‐oxidation, and aryl hydroxylation. Pfizer was developing elzasonan for the treatment of anxiety and affective disorders however development has been discontinued.

Bimoclomol is the non-toxic heat shock protein (HSP) coinducer, which was shown to display multilateral protective activities against various forms of stress or injuries at the level of the cell, tissue or organism. Bimoclomol binds to HSF-1 and induces a prolonged binding of HSF-1 to the respective DNA elements. Bimoclomol reached the end of the Phase II clinical trial in a group of 410 patients with diabetic complications. Preclinical it was tested as a promising therapeutic agent against Diabetic neuropathies; Ischaemic heart disorders and other diseases.

Indole-3-carbinol (I3C), a common phytochemical in cruciferous vegetables, and its condensation product, 3,3'-diindolylmethane (DIM) exert several biological activities on cellular and molecular levels, which contribute to their well-recognized chemoprevention potential. ndole-3-carbinol is used for prevention of breast cancer, colon cancer, and other types of cancer. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) has reviewed indole-3-carbinol as a possible cancer preventive agent and is now sponsoring clinical research for breast cancer prevention. Indole-3-carbinol is also used for fibromyalgia, tumors inside the voice box (laryngeal papillomatosis) caused by a virus, tumors inside the respiratory tract (respiratory papillomatosis) caused by a virus, abnormal cell growth in the cervix (cervical dysplasia), and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Indole-3-carbinol scavenges free radicals and induces various hepatic cytochrome P450 monooxygenases. Specifically, this agent induces the hepatic monooxygenase cytochrome P4501A1 (CYP1A1), resulting in increased 2-hydroxylation of estrogens and increased production of the chemoprotective estrogen 2-hydroxyestrone. Accumulating evidence indicates that the antitumor activity of indole-3- carbinol is attributable to its ability to interfere with multiple oncogenic signaling pathways governing cell cycle progression, survival, invasion, and other aggressive phenotypes of cancer cells. Reported signaling targets of indole-3- carbinol in various cancer cell lines include EGFR/Src, Akt/NF-B, stress responses, elastase, and Rho kinase. Moreover, indole-3-carbinol functions as a negative regulator of estrogen action in hormonesensitive cancer cells through the inhibition of estrogen receptor (ER)-alpha signaling and/or induction of cytochrome P-450-mediated estrogen metabolism, suggesting its clinical use in hormone-sensitive cancers.

Nefiracetam is a cyclic derivative of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). It is thought to act by normalising dysfunctional acetylcholine, GABA and possibly monoamine neurotransmitter systems, but it may also facilitate N/L-type calcium channel opening. Nefiracetam has received attention as a treatment for seizures, depression, and dementia. Nefiracetam was found to be extremely testicular toxic in both rats and dogs; it was found to significantly decrease the levels of testicular testosterone leading to atrophy and malformation of sperm.

Lozilurea (N' -3-chlorobenzyl-N'-ethylurea, ITA 312) has shown marked anti-ulcer activity. It has shown itself to be active against chemically and neurogenically induced gastric and duodenal lesions in various experimental animal models. It has no major anti-secretory action. The experimental data obtained suggest that the mechanism of action of lozilurea consists in increasing the protective function of the mucus barrier. It increased gastric levels of hexosamines and mucoproteins. In the screening trials carried out in order to detect the side effects of lozilurea, it has shown sedative, antipyretic and vasodilatory actions.

Mafoprazine is a phenylpiperazine derivative exerting postsynaptic dopamine D2 receptor blocking activity and alpha-adrenergic activity (alpha 1 receptor blocking activity and alpha 2 receptor stimulating activity). In animal models, mafoprazine demonstrated antipsychotic, aggression-inhibiting and cataleptogenic actions.

(S)-baclofen (or L-baclofen) is an enantiomer of baclofen, a direct GABA-B receptor mimetic. L-baclofen represents a significant improvement over racemic baclofen in the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia.