Cinnarizine is a piperazine derivative with antihistaminic, antiserotonergic, antidopaminergic, and calcium channel-blocking activities. It inhibits calcium translocation across the vestibular sensory cells in the ampullae and maintains endolymph flow by preventing constriction of the stria vascularis. It is currently used for the treatment of nausea, vomiting, and vertigo caused by Meniere’s disease and other vestibular disorders. Cinnarizine is also used for prevention and treatment of motion sickness. Chronic use of cinnarizine may induce extrapyramidal symptoms.

Roxindole (EMD-49,980) is a dopaminergic and serotonergic drug which was originally developed for the treatment of schizophrenia. Roxindole has also been investigated as a therapy for the major depressive disorder, Parkinson's disease, and prolactinoma. Roxindole is dopamine autoreceptor-selective agonistic drug with high affinity to D2-like receptors and with much lower affinities to D1-like, % and ol2, muscarinic and 5HT 2 receptors. Additionally, Roxindole exerts 5HT uptake inhibition and 5HT1A agonistic effects. The bioavailability of Roxindole has been estimated at 5% due to a high first-pass metabolization. On the other hand, in 14C distribution studies, Roxindole has crossed the blood-brain barrier readily and the brain concentrations at all intervals have been much higher than corresponding plasma levels. In clinical trials, Roxindole ‘s antipsychotic efficacy was only modest but it was unexpectedly found to produce potent and rapid antidepressant and anxiolytic effects. However, the clinical development of Roxindole was discontinued.

Loprazolam is a hypnotic drug which stimulates GABA-A receptors. Due to its hypnotic activity the drug is used to treat short-term sleep disordes.

Pholcodine is an opioid that has been widely used worldwide since 1950 for the treatment of non-productive cough in children and adults. Illicit drug. Additionally Pholcodine is a marker for sensitization to neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBA) and is intended for use as a diagnostic tool in NMBA-induced anaphylaxis.

Vincamine is the major alkaloid of Vinca minor. Although vincamine has been used therapeutically for almost three decades, the exact mechanisms of action and its effects are still unknown. Vincamine is a peripheral vasodilator that increases blood flow to the brain. Vincamine is beneficial to the nervous system's cells feeding and protecting processes and is utilized as an adjuvant in case of cerebrovascular insufficiency, age-related psycho-behavioral disorders, post concussion syndrome in head trauma, in case of post-stroke sequels. Vincamine may be used as a dietary nootropic supplement.

Setiptiline Maleate is a tetracyclic antidepressant that has been used in the treatment of depression. It has antihistamine and hypnotic–sedative effects, but almost no anticholinergic effects. It is a weak inhibitor of norepinephrine reuptake in vitro and strongly stimulates the release of central norepinephrine by blocking presynaptic α2-adrenoceptors similar to mianserin. It also acts as a 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C, and 5-HT3 receptor antagonist. Unlike most conventional antidepressants, it has no efficacy as a serotonin reuptake inhibitor. It can induce drowsiness and thirst, but it displays low toxicity. Setiptiline Maleate was launched in 1989 for the treatment of depression in Japan.

Acefylline is a stimulant drug of the xanthine chemical class. It acts as an adenosine receptor antagonist. Acephylline piperazine is a theophylline derivative with a direct bronchodilator action. It has the advantages over theophylline in being far less toxic and producing minimal gastric irritation. It is indicated for the treatment of asthma, emphysema, acute and chronic bronchitis associated with bronchospasm.Acefylline relaxes smooth muscles, relieves bronchospasm & has a stimulant effect on respiration. It stimulates the myocardium & central nervous system, decreases peripheral resistance & venous pressure & causes diuresis. The mechanism of action is still not clear, inhibition of phosphodiesterase with a resulting increase in intracellular cyclic AMP does occur, but not apparently at concentrations normally used for clinical effect. Other proposed mechanisms of action include adenosine receptor antagonism, prostaglandin antagonism & effects on intracellular calcium. Sodium phenobarbital is a non-selective central nervous system depressant that is primarily used as sedative-hypnotic.

Acefylline is a stimulant drug of the xanthine chemical class. It acts as an adenosine receptor antagonist. Acephylline piperazine is a theophylline derivative with a direct bronchodilator action. It has the advantages over theophylline in being far less toxic and producing minimal gastric irritation. It is indicated for the treatment of asthma, emphysema, acute and chronic bronchitis associated with bronchospasm.Acefylline relaxes smooth muscles, relieves bronchospasm & has a stimulant effect on respiration. It stimulates the myocardium & central nervous system, decreases peripheral resistance & venous pressure & causes diuresis. The mechanism of action is still not clear, inhibition of phosphodiesterase with a resulting increase in intracellular cyclic AMP does occur, but not apparently at concentrations normally used for clinical effect. Other proposed mechanisms of action include adenosine receptor antagonism, prostaglandin antagonism & effects on intracellular calcium. Sodium phenobarbital is a non-selective central nervous system depressant that is primarily used as sedative-hypnotic.

Pholcodine is an opioid that has been widely used worldwide since 1950 for the treatment of non-productive cough in children and adults. Illicit drug. Additionally Pholcodine is a marker for sensitization to neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBA) and is intended for use as a diagnostic tool in NMBA-induced anaphylaxis.

Nizofenone (Ekonal, Midafenone) is a neuroprotective drug which protects neurons from death following cerebral anoxia (interruption of oxygen supply to the brain). It might thus be useful in the treatment of acute neurological conditions such as stroke. Nizofenone ameliorates various pathophysiologic events during ischemia, such as ATP depletion, lactate accumulation, glutamate release, free fatty acid liberation, edema, and neuronal degeneration; in particular, ischemia-induced excessive glutamate release has been completely blocked by this drug. This drug has also radical-scavenging action, comparable to vitamin E, and inhibits oxygen radical-induced lipid peroxidation. The potent cerebroprotective effect of nizofenone has been demonstrated in various experimental models of cerebral hypoxia, ischemia (focal and global), ischemia-reperfusion, and infarction. The clinical efficacy of nizofenone has been proved by pioneering double-blind studies in acute subarachnoid hemorrhage patients. Nizofenone is clinically used for preventing the delayed ischemic neurologic deficits due to late vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage.