Vitamin K is a fat-soluble vitamin, which exists in two different forms in nature: vitamin K1 (phylloquinone or phytonadione) and vitamin K2 (menaquinones), a feature of which is a long polyprenyl lateral chain. Menaquinone-7 (MK-7) is a form of vitamin K2 that occurs naturally in some animal-derived and is available as an ingredient of dietary supplements. A novel method of marking five different cis/trans isomers of vitamin K2 (MK-7) (including 6-CIS form) in dietary supplements recently was developed and validated.

Vitamin K is a fat-soluble vitamin, which exists in two different forms in nature: vitamin K1 (phylloquinone or phytonadione) and vitamin K2 (menaquinones), a feature of which is a long polyprenyl lateral chain. Menaquinone-7 (MK-7) is a form of vitamin K2 that occurs naturally in some animal-derived and is available as an ingredient of dietary supplements. A novel method of marking five different cis/trans isomers of vitamin K2 (MK-7) (including 6-CIS form) in dietary supplements recently was developed and validated.

11(E)-Eicosenoic acid is a very long-chain ω-9 fatty acid that is a trans monounsaturated isomer of arachidic acid. 11(E)-Eicosenoic acid is one of several monounsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, and is used to study phospholipid membranes. The combined C20:1 isomers constitute 70% of the total fatty acid pool in jojoba seed oil isolated from plants in the Arizona desert. 11(E)-Eicosenoic acid has been shown to inhibit glycerophosphate acyltransferase, cholinephosphotransferase and ethanolaminephosphotransferase in V79-R cells. 11(E)-Eicosenoic acid lacks the cis-double bond and has virtually no effect on telomerase activity (unlike cis-Unsaturated C20 fatty acids, which demonstrate strong telomerase inhibition and have been studied as a promising cancer therapeutic target).

Methylinositol is a natural product in the family of inositols. It is found in many foods as well as pine tree bark. Methylinositol is found naturally in many foods and is commercially available as an approved food supplement. Methylinositol can mediate insulin action to improve glycemic control and insulin sensitivity in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, especially in patients with insulin resistance. It plays a positive role in regulating insulin-mediated glucose uptake in the liver through translocation and activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. The compound also modulates gamma-secretase to reduce A-betta production while sparing cleavage of the gamma-secretase substrate Notch. Methylinositol improves cognitive function and memory deficits in preclinical models of Alzheimer's disease (AD) neuropathology. Methylinositol was will tolerated in the population of AD subjects of varying age and severity. No serious adverse effects were detected in clinical trials. Many plant-derived compounds have excellent therapeutic potential against various human ailments. It was shown, that methylinositol mitigates tumor growth by modulating interleukins and hormones and induces apoptosis in rat breast carcinogenesis through inhibition of NF-κB.

Ethyl sulfate is a metabolite of ethanol and a biomarker of recent alcohol consumption that provide objective measures of abstinence.