Rose bengal sodium (RB) is a small molecule, halogenated xanthene being developed by Provectus Biopharmaceuticals (formerly Provectus Pharmaceuticals). It is commonly used in eye drops to stain damaged conjunctival and corneal cells and thereby identify damage to the eye. The stain is also used in the preparation of Foraminifera for microscopic analysis, allowing the distinction between forms that were alive or dead at the time of collection. A form of rose bengal is also being studied as a treatment for certain cancers and skin conditions. The cancer formulation of the drug, known as PV-10, is currently undergoing clinical trials for melanoma and breast cancer. Recently, interest in RB as a therapeutic cancer treatment has increased due to significant anti-tumor responses with direct tumor injection in human clinical trials for metastatic melanoma. In these patients, there has been the implication that RB may mount a T-cell mediated anti-tumor response and impart antigen-specific responses in distant bystander lesions.

Tetraxetan (1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (also known as DOTA) is used as a complexing agent. Its complexes have medical applications as contrast agents and cancer treatments. DOTA can be conjugated to monoclonal antibodies by attachment of one of the four-carboxyl groups as an amide. The modified antibody accumulates in the tumour cells, concentrating the effects of the radioactivity of 90Y. DOTA can also be linked to molecules that have an affinity for various structures. The resulting compounds are used with a number of radioisotopes in cancer therapy and diagnosis. Clivatuzumab tetraxetan is a humanized monoclonal antibody targeting a mucin antigen expressed in most pancreatic cancers, but not pancreatitis, normal pancreas or most other normal tissues. Preclinical studies in mice with human pancreatic cancer xenografts given the murine version of 90Y-clivatuzumab tetraxetan demonstrated favourable tumour responses, which could be further improved when given in combination with gemcitabine. (64)Cu-DOTA-trastuzumab PET (positron emission tomography) could be a potential noninvasive procedure for serial identification of metastatic brain lesions in patients with HER2-positive breast cancer. 90Y-DOTA-biotin may have the application of pre-targeted radioimmunotherapy for the treatment of advanced colorectal cancer in humans.

THIOCTIC ACID, also known as alpha-lipoic acid, is a vitamin-like antioxidant that acts as a free-radical scavenger. It exists in two enantiomeric forms, R and S, being the R isoform an essential cofactor of four mitochondrial enzyme complexes. THIOCTIC ACID is available as an over-the-counter nutritional supplement and has been used nutritionally and clinically since the 1950s for various diseases and conditions.