Tert-butylhydroquinone (tBHQ) or 2-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1,4-benzenediol is an antioxdant found to inhibit lipid oxidation. Extensive studies have demonstrated that tBHQ exhibit anti-carcinogenic effect. The ability of tBHQ to induce phase II xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes through an Nrf2-dependent pathway is thought to be responsible for the observed protective effect of tBHQ. It has been proposed that tBHQ enhances Nrf2-mediated transcription by promoting reactive oxygen species-mediated dissociation of Nrf2-Keap1, Nrf2 stabilization, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt activity, and MAPK pathway activation. tBHQ has been commonly used as a synthetic food additive to prevent oils and fats from oxidative deterioration and rancidity due to its potent anti-lipid peroxidation activity.

Valnemulin (marketed under the trade name Econor) is a pleuromutilin antibiotic used to treat swine dysentery, ileitis, colitis and pneumonia. It is approved for veterinary use only. Valnemulin is an antibiotic belonging to the pleuromutilin group, which acts by the inhibition of the initiation of protein synthesis at the level of the bacterial ribosome. Valnemulin has activity against a range of bacteria including those responsible for enteric and respiratory disease in pigs. Valnemulin shows high activity against Mycoplasma spp. and spirochaetes such as Brachyspira hyodysenteriae and Brachyspira pilosicoli. Valnemulin has little activity against Enterobacteriaceae, such as Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli. There appears to be no resistance development to valnemulin to date by M. hyopneumoniae and L. intracellularis. There have been some increases of MICs of valnemulin against B. hyodysenteriae and to a lesser degree B. pilosicoli, some of which appear to have developed resistance. Valnemulin binds to the ribosome and inhibits bacterial protein synthesis. Resistance development primarily occurs because of changes at the binding site associated with mutations of the ribosomal DNA genes. Econor 10% and 50% is indicated for: The treatment and prevention of swine dysentery. The treatment of clinical signs of porcine proliferative enteropathy (ileitis). The prevention of clinical signs of porcine colonic spirochaetosis (colitis) when the disease has been diagnosed in the herd. Treatment and prevention of swine enzootic pneumonia. At the recommended dosage of 10 - 12 mg/kg bodyweight lung lesions and weight loss are reduced, but infection with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is not eliminated. Econor 0.5% and 1% is indicated: For the treatment and prevention of swine dysentery. The treatment of clinical signs of porcine proliferative enteropathy (ileitis). The prevention of clinical signs of porcine colonic spirochaetosis (colitis) when the disease has been diagnosed in the herd.

Methanesulfonic acid is an alkane sulfonic acid in which the alkyl group directly linked to the sulfo- functionality is methyl. Salts and esters of methanesulfonic acid are known as mesylates (or methanesulfonates, as in ethyl methanesulfonate). Methanesulfonic acid is used as an acid catalyst in organic reactions because it is a non-volatile, strong acid that is soluble in organic solvents. Methanesulfonic acid is convenient for industrial applications because it is liquid at ambient temperature. Methanesulfonic acid is also a primary ingredient in rust and scale removers. It is used to clean off surface rust from ceramic, tiles and porcelain which are usually susceptible to acid attack.

Thioctic acid also known as alpha-lipoic acid is a dietary supplement, which is a common ingredient in OTC (over-the-counter) multivitamin formulas and anti-aging supplements. Thioctic acid exists in both R- and S-enantiomeric forms, however, only R-form is essential as a cofactor in biological systems (the acid is coupled via an amide linkage to a lysine of several multienzyme complexes, such as the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, the alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex, the glycine cleavage system and the branched-chain oxo acid dehydrogenase complex). Most commercially available thioctic acid supplements are a mixture of both R and S enantiomers or R-form alone. Several studies have shown that the acid has beneficial effect on diabetes complications, cancer, glaucome, liver disease, etc. The mechanisms of thioctic acid is related to its antioxidant properties, metal chelator properties, however, those mechanisms need futher confirmation.

Norelgestromin, the progestin, is the active metabolite of norgestimate and is structurally related to 19-nortestosterone. Norgestimate and norelgestromin mimic the physiologic effects of progesterone at the progesterone receptor. Johnson & Johnson developed an adhesive female contraceptive patch that contains ethinylestradiol (0.75mg) and the progestogen norelgestromin (6mg). his product is a combination contraceptive acting via the inhibition gonadotropins. Its primary mechanism of action involves the suppression of ovulation, including changes in the cervical mucus and endometrium. The patch delivers a continuous flow of hormones through the skin and into the bloodstream. The contraceptive patch is available in countries worldwide.