Sulfacetamide is a synthetic sulfonamide antibiotic, which exerts its effect through inhibition of bacterial dihydrofolate synthetase, an enzyme responsible for the conversion of p-aminobenzoic acid into folic acid in bacterias. The topical formulation of the drug is prescribed for the treatment of acne vulgaris and the ophtalmic formulation is used in patients with eye infections.

Ergoalcifediol (Vitamin D2) is a fat soluble steroid hormone precursor of vitamin D. The principal biologic function of vitamin D is the maintenance of normal levels of serum calcium and phosphorus in the bloodstream by enhancing the efficacy of the small intestine to absorb these minerals from the diet. Cholecalciferol is synthesized within our bodies naturally, but if UV exposure is inadequate or the metabolism of cholecalciferol is abnormal, then an exogenous source is required. Vitamin D2 is converted to 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) in the liver, and then to the active form, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D), in the kidney. Once transformed, it binds to the vitamin D receptor, which leads to a variety of regulatory roles. Vitamin D plays an important role in maintaining calcium balance and in the regulation of parathyroid hormone (PTH). It promotes renal reabsorption of calcium, increases intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphorus, and increases calcium and phosphorus mobilization from bone to plasma. Very few foods naturally contain vitamin D. Sources that contain the vitamin include fatty fish, the liver and fat of aquatic mammals (e.g., seals, polar bears), and eggs from chickens fed vitamin D-fortified feed. As such, many countries have instituted policies to fortify certain foods with vitamin D to compensate for the potentially low exposures of skin to sunlight. Vitamin D deficiency results in inadequate mineralization of bone or compensatory skeletal demineralization and causes decreased ionized calcium concentrations in blood and a resultant increase in the production and secretion of PTH. Increase in PTH stimulates the mobilization of skeletal calcium, inhibits renal excretion of calcium, and stimulates renal excretion of phosphorus. This results in normal fasting serum calcium concentrations and low or near-normal serum phosphorus. The enhanced mobilization of skeletal calcium induced by this secondary hyperparathyroidism leads porotic bone. Ergoalcifediol is used for use in the management of hypocalcemia and its clinical manifestations in patients with hypoparathyroidism, as well as for the treatment of familial hypophosphatemia (vitamin D resistant rickets). This drug has also been used in the treatment of nutritional rickets or osteomalacia, vitamin D dependent rickets, rickets or osteomalacia secondary to long-term high dose anticonvulsant therapy, early renal osteodystrophy, osteoporosis (in conjunction with calcium), and hypophosphatemia associated with Fanconi syndrome (with treatment of acidosis). Ergocalciferol is manufactured and marketed under various names, including Deltalin (Eli Lilly and Company), Drisdol (Sanofi-Synthelabo) and Calcidol (Patrin Pharma).

Sulfadiazine is a sulfonamide antibiotic. The sulfonamides are synthetic bacteriostatic antibiotics with a wide spectrum against most gram-positive and many gram-negative organisms. However, many strains of an individual species may be resistant. Sulfonamides inhibit multiplication of bacteria by acting as competitive inhibitors of p-aminobenzoic acid in the folic acid metabolism cycle. Bacterial sensitivity is the same for the various sulfonamides, and resistance to one sulfonamide indicates resistance to all. Most sulfonamides are readily absorbed orally. However, parenteral administration is difficult, since the soluble sulfonamide salts are highly alkaline and irritating to the tissues. The sulfonamides are widely distributed throughout all tissues. High levels are achieved in pleural, peritoneal, synovial, and ocular fluids. Although these drugs are no longer used to treat meningitis, CSF levels are high in meningeal infections. Their antibacterial action is inhibited by pus. Sulfadiazine is a competitive inhibitor of the bacterial enzyme dihydropteroate synthetase. This enzyme is needed for the proper processing of para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) which is essential for folic acid synthesis. The inhibited reaction is necessary in these organisms for the synthesis of folic acid. Used for the treatment of rheumatic fever and meningococcal meningitis.

Amolanone (amethone) is a local anesthetic. It also has antispasmodic action.

Menadiol is one of the forms of vitamin K4. Chemically, it is closely related to menadione. Oral menadiol appears to be an effectiv ealternative to intravenous phytomenadione in the correction of coagulopathies associated with obstructiveliver disease. This simplifies the care of patients with deranged clotting times requiring cholangeopancrea-tography, particularly those to be managed as out-patients. Menadiol should receive clinical testing as a chemosensitizing agent in human lymphatic neoplasms (HLN). This effect occurred at a concentration (2.0 micrograms/ml; 4.7 microM) of menadiol which is probably clinically achievable and which did not deplete intracellular glutathione.

Cetylpyridinium (used in a form of chloride salt) is a cationic surface-active agent and has a broad antimicrobial spectrum, with rapid killing of gram-positive pathogens and yeast in particular. It is suggested that interaction with bacteria occurs by the disruption of membrane function, leakage of cytoplasmic material, and ultimately the collapse of the intra-cellular equilibrium. The drug is used under various trade names as an oral OTC hygiene product (mouthwash, dental kits, etc.) to control the dental plaque and to prevent the subsequent gingivitis.

Sulfaguanidine is used to treat the gastrointestinal infections particularly bacillary dysentery. Sulfaguanidine is a sulfonamide antibiotic that blocks the synthesis of dihydrofolic acid by inhibiting the enzyme dihydropteroate synthase in bacteria. Sulfonamides are active against Gram positive bacteria and Gram negative bacteria.

Phenylpropanolamine belongs to the sympathomimetic amine class of drugs and is structurally related to ephedrine. The effects of phenylpropanolamine are largely the result of alpha-adrenergic agonist activity resulting from both direct stimulation of adrenergic receptors and release of neuronal norepinephrine. Phenylpropanolamine is mainly used as a nasal decongestant. Phenylpropanolamine is also used as anorexiant in obesity and to treat urinary incontinence in veteranary. Phenylpropanolamine containing products has been withdrawn by FDA due to the association of phenylpropanolamine use with increased risk of hemorrhagic stroke.