Details
Stereochemistry | RACEMIC |
Molecular Formula | C20H30NO3.Br |
Molecular Weight | 412.361 |
Optical Activity | ( + / - ) |
Defined Stereocenters | 3 / 5 |
E/Z Centers | 0 |
Charge | 0 |
SHOW SMILES / InChI
SMILES
[Br-].CC(C)[N@+]1(C)[C@H]2CC[C@@H]1C[C@@H](C2)OC(=O)C(CO)C3=CC=CC=C3
InChI
InChIKey=LHLMOSXCXGLMMN-WDTICOSOSA-M
InChI=1S/C20H30NO3.BrH/c1-14(2)21(3)16-9-10-17(21)12-18(11-16)24-20(23)19(13-22)15-7-5-4-6-8-15;/h4-8,14,16-19,22H,9-13H2,1-3H3;1H/q+1;/p-1/t16-,17+,18+,19?,21?;
Molecular Formula | C20H30NO3.Br |
Molecular Weight | 412.361 |
Charge | 0 |
Count |
|
Stereochemistry | RACEMIC |
Additional Stereochemistry | No |
Defined Stereocenters | 3 / 5 |
E/Z Centers | 0 |
Optical Activity | UNSPECIFIED |
Molecular Formula | C20H30NO3.Br |
Molecular Weight | 412.361 |
Charge | 0 |
Count |
|
Stereochemistry | RACEMIC |
Additional Stereochemistry | No |
Defined Stereocenters | 3 / 5 |
E/Z Centers | 0 |
Optical Activity | UNSPECIFIED |
DescriptionCurator's Comment: description was created based on several sources, including
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/68009241
Curator's Comment: description was created based on several sources, including
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/68009241
Ipratropium (ipratropium bromide, ATROVENT® HFA) is a muscarinic antagonist structurally related to atropine but often considered safer and more effective for inhalation use. It is indicated for the maintenance treatment of bronchospasm associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), including chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Ipratropium (ipratropium bromide, ATROVENT® HFA) is an anticholinergic (parasympatholytic) agent which, based on animal studies, appears to inhibit vagally-mediated reflexes by antagonizing the action of acetylcholine, the transmitter agent released at the neuromuscular junctions in the lung. Anticholinergics prevent the increases in intracellular concentration of Ca2+ which is caused by interaction of acetylcholine with the muscarinic receptors on bronchial smooth muscle.
CNS Activity
Sources: https://books.google.ru/books?id=ZyGsBAAAQBAJ&dq
Curator's Comment: Raeburn, David, Giembycz, Mark A. (2012). Rhinitis: Immunopathology and Pharmacotherapy. Springer. p. 133:
"Topical intranasal ipratropium bromide has limited central nervous system penetration".
Approval Year
Targets
Primary Target | Pharmacology | Condition | Potency |
---|---|---|---|
Target ID: CHEMBL216 |
0.49 nM [Ki] | ||
Target ID: CHEMBL211 |
1.5 nM [Ki] | ||
Target ID: CHEMBL245 |
0.51 nM [Ki] | ||
Target ID: CHEMBL1821 |
0.66 nM [Ki] | ||
Target ID: CHEMBL2035 |
1.7 nM [Ki] |
Conditions
Condition | Modality | Targets | Highest Phase | Product |
---|---|---|---|---|
Primary | ATROVENT HFA Approved UseATROVENT HFA Inhalation Aerosol is indicated as a bronchodilator for maintenance treatment of bronchospasm associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), including chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Launch Date2004 |
Cmax
Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
---|---|---|---|---|
33.5 pg/mL |
20 μg 4 times / day multiple, respiratory dose: 20 μg route of administration: Respiratory experiment type: MULTIPLE co-administered: ALBUTEROL |
IPRATROPIUM plasma | Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: UNKNOWN |
|
31.7 pg/mL |
20 μg 4 times / day steady-state, respiratory dose: 20 μg route of administration: Respiratory experiment type: STEADY-STATE co-administered: ALBUTEROL |
IPRATROPIUM plasma | Homo sapiens population: UNKNOWN age: ADULT sex: FEMALE food status: UNKNOWN |
|
35.4 pg/mL |
20 μg 4 times / day steady-state, respiratory dose: 20 μg route of administration: Respiratory experiment type: STEADY-STATE co-administered: ALBUTEROL |
IPRATROPIUM plasma | Homo sapiens population: UNKNOWN age: ADULT sex: MALE food status: UNKNOWN |
AUC
Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
---|---|---|---|---|
1.04 pg × h/mL |
20 μg 4 times / day multiple, respiratory dose: 20 μg route of administration: Respiratory experiment type: MULTIPLE co-administered: ALBUTEROL |
IPRATROPIUM plasma | Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: UNKNOWN |
|
123 pg × h/mL |
20 μg 4 times / day steady-state, respiratory dose: 20 μg route of administration: Respiratory experiment type: STEADY-STATE co-administered: ALBUTEROL |
IPRATROPIUM plasma | Homo sapiens population: UNKNOWN age: ADULT sex: FEMALE food status: UNKNOWN |
|
131 pg × h/mL |
20 μg 4 times / day steady-state, respiratory dose: 20 μg route of administration: Respiratory experiment type: STEADY-STATE co-administered: ALBUTEROL |
IPRATROPIUM plasma | Homo sapiens population: UNKNOWN age: ADULT sex: MALE food status: UNKNOWN |
T1/2
Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
---|---|---|---|---|
2 h |
20 μg 4 times / day multiple, respiratory dose: 20 μg route of administration: Respiratory experiment type: MULTIPLE co-administered: ALBUTEROL |
IPRATROPIUM plasma | Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: UNKNOWN |
Funbound
Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
---|---|---|---|---|
95.5% |
20 μg 4 times / day multiple, respiratory dose: 20 μg route of administration: Respiratory experiment type: MULTIPLE co-administered: ALBUTEROL |
IPRATROPIUM plasma | Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: UNKNOWN |
Doses
Dose | Population | Adverse events |
---|---|---|
168 ug 3 times / day steady, respiratory Highest studied dose Dose: 168 ug, 3 times / day Route: respiratory Route: steady Dose: 168 ug, 3 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, 18 - 75 years n = 96 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: perennial allergic rhinitis Age Group: 18 - 75 years Sex: M+F Population Size: 96 Sources: |
Disc. AE: Nasal disorder NOS, Nasal dryness... AEs leading to discontinuation/dose reduction: Nasal disorder NOS (17%) Sources: Nasal dryness (2%) Epistaxis (2%) |
168 ug 3 times / day steady, respiratory Highest studied dose Dose: 168 ug, 3 times / day Route: respiratory Route: steady Dose: 168 ug, 3 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, 2 - 5 years n = 43 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: common colds Age Group: 2 - 5 years Sex: M+F Population Size: 43 Sources: |
Disc. AE: Epistaxis... AEs leading to discontinuation/dose reduction: Epistaxis (1 patient) Sources: |
84 ug 3 times / day steady, respiratory Highest studied dose Dose: 84 ug, 3 times / day Route: respiratory Route: steady Dose: 84 ug, 3 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, 2 - 5 years n = 187 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: allergies Age Group: 2 - 5 years Sex: M+F Population Size: 187 Sources: |
Disc. AE: Epistaxis, Upper respiratory tract infection... AEs leading to discontinuation/dose reduction: Epistaxis (1 patient) Sources: Upper respiratory tract infection (1 patient) Ear infection (1 patient) Exacerbation of asthma (1 patient) |
200 ug single, respiratory Highest studied dose Dose: 200 ug Route: respiratory Route: single Dose: 200 ug Sources: |
unhealthy, mean 40.7 years n = 20 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: stable chronic asthma Age Group: mean 40.7 years Sex: M+F Population Size: 20 Sources: |
Disc. AE: Nausea and vomiting... AEs leading to discontinuation/dose reduction: Nausea and vomiting (1 patient) Sources: |
42 ug 1 times / day steady, respiratory Recommended Dose: 42 ug, 1 times / day Route: respiratory Route: steady Dose: 42 ug, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, mean 42.6 years n = 99 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: rhinorrhea Age Group: mean 42.6 years Sex: M+F Population Size: 99 Sources: |
Other AEs: Nasal disorder NOS... |
AEs
AE | Significance | Dose | Population |
---|---|---|---|
Nasal disorder NOS | 17% Disc. AE |
168 ug 3 times / day steady, respiratory Highest studied dose Dose: 168 ug, 3 times / day Route: respiratory Route: steady Dose: 168 ug, 3 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, 18 - 75 years n = 96 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: perennial allergic rhinitis Age Group: 18 - 75 years Sex: M+F Population Size: 96 Sources: |
Epistaxis | 2% Disc. AE |
168 ug 3 times / day steady, respiratory Highest studied dose Dose: 168 ug, 3 times / day Route: respiratory Route: steady Dose: 168 ug, 3 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, 18 - 75 years n = 96 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: perennial allergic rhinitis Age Group: 18 - 75 years Sex: M+F Population Size: 96 Sources: |
Nasal dryness | 2% Disc. AE |
168 ug 3 times / day steady, respiratory Highest studied dose Dose: 168 ug, 3 times / day Route: respiratory Route: steady Dose: 168 ug, 3 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, 18 - 75 years n = 96 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: perennial allergic rhinitis Age Group: 18 - 75 years Sex: M+F Population Size: 96 Sources: |
Epistaxis | 1 patient Disc. AE |
168 ug 3 times / day steady, respiratory Highest studied dose Dose: 168 ug, 3 times / day Route: respiratory Route: steady Dose: 168 ug, 3 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, 2 - 5 years n = 43 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: common colds Age Group: 2 - 5 years Sex: M+F Population Size: 43 Sources: |
Ear infection | 1 patient Disc. AE |
84 ug 3 times / day steady, respiratory Highest studied dose Dose: 84 ug, 3 times / day Route: respiratory Route: steady Dose: 84 ug, 3 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, 2 - 5 years n = 187 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: allergies Age Group: 2 - 5 years Sex: M+F Population Size: 187 Sources: |
Epistaxis | 1 patient Disc. AE |
84 ug 3 times / day steady, respiratory Highest studied dose Dose: 84 ug, 3 times / day Route: respiratory Route: steady Dose: 84 ug, 3 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, 2 - 5 years n = 187 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: allergies Age Group: 2 - 5 years Sex: M+F Population Size: 187 Sources: |
Exacerbation of asthma | 1 patient Disc. AE |
84 ug 3 times / day steady, respiratory Highest studied dose Dose: 84 ug, 3 times / day Route: respiratory Route: steady Dose: 84 ug, 3 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, 2 - 5 years n = 187 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: allergies Age Group: 2 - 5 years Sex: M+F Population Size: 187 Sources: |
Upper respiratory tract infection | 1 patient Disc. AE |
84 ug 3 times / day steady, respiratory Highest studied dose Dose: 84 ug, 3 times / day Route: respiratory Route: steady Dose: 84 ug, 3 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, 2 - 5 years n = 187 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: allergies Age Group: 2 - 5 years Sex: M+F Population Size: 187 Sources: |
Nausea and vomiting | 1 patient Disc. AE |
200 ug single, respiratory Highest studied dose Dose: 200 ug Route: respiratory Route: single Dose: 200 ug Sources: |
unhealthy, mean 40.7 years n = 20 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: stable chronic asthma Age Group: mean 40.7 years Sex: M+F Population Size: 20 Sources: |
Nasal disorder NOS | 19 patients | 42 ug 1 times / day steady, respiratory Recommended Dose: 42 ug, 1 times / day Route: respiratory Route: steady Dose: 42 ug, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, mean 42.6 years n = 99 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: rhinorrhea Age Group: mean 42.6 years Sex: M+F Population Size: 99 Sources: |
Overview
CYP3A4 | CYP2C9 | CYP2D6 | hERG |
---|---|---|---|
Drug as perpetrator
Target | Modality | Activity | Metabolite | Clinical evidence |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27676604/ Page: 6,21 |
yes [IC50 17.4 uM] | |||
Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27676604/ Page: 6,21 |
yes [IC50 2.5 uM] | |||
Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27676604/ Page: 6,21 |
yes [IC50 3.6 uM] | |||
Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27676604/ Page: 6,21 |
yes [IC50 30.5 uM] | |||
Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27676604/ Page: 6,21 |
yes [IC50 62.8 uM] |
Drug as victim
Target | Modality | Activity | Metabolite | Clinical evidence |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27676604/ Page: 7,21 |
strong | |||
Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27676604/ Page: 7,21 |
strong | |||
Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27676604/ Page: 7,21 |
strong | |||
Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27676604/ Page: 7,21 |
strong | |||
Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27676604/ Page: 7,21 |
strong | |||
yes | ||||
yes |
PubMed
Title | Date | PubMed |
---|---|---|
Anticholinergic therapy for bronchiectasis. | 2001 |
|
Bronchodilators for the prevention and treatment of chronic lung disease in preterm infants. | 2001 |
|
Impact of patient characteristics on the risk of influenza/ILI-related complications. | 2001 |
|
Management of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. | 2001 Aug |
|
Evidence-based treatments for acute asthma. | 2001 Dec |
|
Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of the anticholinergics tiotropium and ipratropium in the rat and dog. | 2001 Jul |
|
Does adding ipratropium to salbutamol (albuterol) help children with asthma? | 2001 Nov |
|
Childhood asthma. | 2001 Nov |
|
Towards evidence based medicine for paediatricians. | 2001 Nov |
|
Hospital-based management of acute asthmatic exacerbation: an assessment of physicians' behavior in Taiwan. | 2001 Oct |
|
The use of ipratropium bromide for the management of acute asthma exacerbation in adults and children: a systematic review. | 2001 Oct |
|
[RC-Cornet(R) improves the bronchodilating effect of Ipratropiumbromide (Atrovent(R)) inhalation in COPD-patients]. | 2001 Oct |
|
Ipratropium bromide hydrofluoroalkane inhalation aerosol is safe and effective in patients with COPD. | 2001 Oct |
|
Graphical model checking with correlated response data. | 2001 Oct 15 |
|
[Effect of anticholinergic therapy on myocardial reserve dynamics in patients with chronic obstructive bronchitis]. | 2001 Sep-Dec |
|
Cold-induced rhinitis in skiers--clinical aspects and treatment with ipratropium bromide nasal spray: a randomized controlled trial. | 2001 Sep-Oct |
|
[Asthma follow-up after treatment of status asthmaticus in ICU Pneumonology Department in Warsaw Medical University]. | 2002 |
|
Prevention and treatment of respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis and postbronchiolitic wheezing. | 2002 |
|
Heliox for treatment of exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. | 2002 |
|
Histochemical and biochemical studies on the secretory mechanisms of some glands of guinea-pigs treated with histamine. | 2002 |
|
Tiotropium bromide. | 2002 |
|
[Pharmacodynamics of inhalation broncholytic agents introduced in a single dose by nebulizer in patients with severe exacerbation of bronchial asthma]. | 2002 |
|
Pressurised metered-dose inhalers versus all other hand-held inhalers devices to deliver bronchodilators for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. | 2002 |
|
Anticholinergic drugs for wheeze in children under the age of two years. | 2002 |
|
Pharmacogenetics, pharmacogenomics and airway disease. | 2002 |
|
Do bronchodilators have an effect on bronchiolitis? | 2002 Apr |
|
Differential response of wheezes and ruttles to anticholinergics. | 2002 Apr |
|
Intravenous versus oral corticosteroids for treatment of acute asthma exacerbations. | 2002 Apr |
|
Airways reactivity in patients with CF. | 2002 Aug |
|
Hospitalizations and mortality in the Lung Health Study. | 2002 Aug 1 |
|
24-hour efficacy of once-daily desloratadine therapy in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis [ISRCTN32042139]. | 2002 Aug 5 |
|
Clinical review: severe asthma. | 2002 Feb |
|
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of intravenous salbutamol and nebulized ipratropium bromide in early management of severe acute asthma in children presenting to an emergency department. | 2002 Feb |
|
Improved health outcomes in patients with COPD during 1 yr's treatment with tiotropium. | 2002 Feb |
|
Other option in bronchiolitis. | 2002 Feb |
|
Heterogeneity of release-inhibiting muscarinic autoreceptors in heart atria and urinary bladder: a study with M(2)- and M(4)-receptor-deficient mice. | 2002 Feb |
|
Dry powder ipratropium bromide is as safe and effective as metered-dose inhaler formulation: a cumulative dose-response study in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. | 2002 Feb |
|
Treatment of patients hospitalized for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: comparison of an oral/metered-dose inhaler regimen and an intravenous/nebulizer regimen. | 2002 Feb |
|
Effects of inhaled ipratropium bromide on breathing mechanics and gas exchange in exercising horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. | 2002 Jan |
|
The incremental shuttle walking test in elderly people with chronic airflow limitation. | 2002 Jan |
|
Emergency department asthma: compliance with an evidence-based management algorithm. | 2002 Jul |
|
Management of acute, severe asthma in children. | 2002 Jul-Aug |
|
Hospital management of children with acute asthma exacerbations in Kuwait: adherence to international guidelines. | 2002 Jul-Sep |
|
The role of anticholinergics in acute asthma treatment: an evidence-based evaluation. | 2002 Jun |
|
Understanding and use of inhaler medication by asthmatics in specialty care in Trinidad: a study following development of Caribbean guidelines for asthma management and prevention. | 2002 Jun |
|
In children hospitalized for asthma exacerbations, does adding ipratropium bromide to albuterol and corticosteroids improve outcome? | 2002 Mar |
|
Use of a mucus clearance device enhances the bronchodilator response in patients with stable COPD. | 2002 Mar |
|
Comparison of nebulized budesonide and oral prednisolone with placebo in the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized controlled trial. | 2002 Mar 1 |
|
[Effect of ipratropium bromide on calcium activated potassium channel in tracheal smooth muscle cells from chronically hypoxic rats]. | 2002 May |
|
What is the optimal treatment strategy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations? | 2002 May |
Sample Use Guides
The usual starting dose of ATROVENT® HFA is two inhalations four times a day. Patients may take additional inhalations as required; however, the total number of inhalations should not exceed 12 in 24 hours.
Route of Administration:
Oral
In Vitro Use Guide
Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7952627
Ba 679 BR, atropine, and ipratropium bromide inhibited electrical field stimulation (EFS)-induced contraction with IC50 values of 0.17, 0.74, and 0.58 nM, respectively, in guinea pig trachea. Ba 679 BR had a slower onset and longer duration of action than atropine or ipratropium bromide (the times required to attain 50% of the maximum response were 34.8, 3.8, and 7.6 min, respectively, and the times required for 50% recovery of the response were 540, 31.6, and 81.2 min, respectively).
Substance Class |
Chemical
Created
by
admin
on
Edited
Fri Dec 15 18:45:55 GMT 2023
by
admin
on
Fri Dec 15 18:45:55 GMT 2023
|
Record UNII |
VJV4X1P2Z1
|
Record Status |
Validated (UNII)
|
Record Version |
|
-
Download
Name | Type | Language | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
|
Common Name | English | ||
|
Common Name | English | ||
|
Common Name | English | ||
|
Common Name | English |
Classification Tree | Code System | Code | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
|
WHO-ATC |
R01AX03
Created by
admin on Fri Dec 15 18:45:55 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 18:45:55 GMT 2023
|
||
|
WHO-ATC |
R03BB01
Created by
admin on Fri Dec 15 18:45:55 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 18:45:55 GMT 2023
|
Code System | Code | Type | Description | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
C170538
Created by
admin on Fri Dec 15 18:45:55 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 18:45:55 GMT 2023
|
PRIMARY | |||
|
22254-24-6
Created by
admin on Fri Dec 15 18:45:55 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 18:45:55 GMT 2023
|
PRIMARY | |||
|
DTXSID60858923
Created by
admin on Fri Dec 15 18:45:55 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 18:45:55 GMT 2023
|
PRIMARY | |||
|
3263
Created by
admin on Fri Dec 15 18:45:55 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 18:45:55 GMT 2023
|
PRIMARY | |||
|
SUB40135
Created by
admin on Fri Dec 15 18:45:55 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 18:45:55 GMT 2023
|
PRIMARY | |||
|
46659
Created by
admin on Fri Dec 15 18:45:55 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 18:45:55 GMT 2023
|
PRIMARY | |||
|
DB00332
Created by
admin on Fri Dec 15 18:45:55 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 18:45:55 GMT 2023
|
PRIMARY | |||
|
VJV4X1P2Z1
Created by
admin on Fri Dec 15 18:45:55 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 18:45:55 GMT 2023
|
PRIMARY | |||
|
1445143
Created by
admin on Fri Dec 15 18:45:55 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 18:45:55 GMT 2023
|
PRIMARY | RxNorm | ||
|
SUB08276MIG
Created by
admin on Fri Dec 15 18:45:55 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 18:45:55 GMT 2023
|
PRIMARY | |||
|
m6387
Created by
admin on Fri Dec 15 18:45:55 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 18:45:55 GMT 2023
|
PRIMARY | Merck Index | ||
|
244-873-8
Created by
admin on Fri Dec 15 18:45:55 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 18:45:55 GMT 2023
|
PRIMARY |
Related Record | Type | Details | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
|
PARENT -> SALT/SOLVATE | |||
|
SOLVATE->ANHYDROUS |
Related Record | Type | Details | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
|
ACTIVE MOIETY |