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Details

Stereochemistry EPIMERIC
Molecular Formula 2C9H13N.C4H7NO4.H2O
Molecular Weight 421.5304
Optical Activity UNSPECIFIED
Defined Stereocenters 1 / 3
E/Z Centers 0
Charge 0

SHOW SMILES / InChI
Structure of AMPHETAMINE ASPARTATE MONOHYDRATE

SMILES

O.N[C@@H](CC(O)=O)C(O)=O.CC(N)CC1=CC=CC=C1.CC(N)CC2=CC=CC=C2

InChI

InChIKey=DAWXRFCLWKUCNS-MNTSKLTCSA-N
InChI=1S/2C9H13N.C4H7NO4.H2O/c2*1-8(10)7-9-5-3-2-4-6-9;5-2(4(8)9)1-3(6)7;/h2*2-6,8H,7,10H2,1H3;2H,1,5H2,(H,6,7)(H,8,9);1H2/t;;2-;/m..0./s1

HIDE SMILES / InChI

Molecular Formula C4H7NO4
Molecular Weight 133.1027
Charge 0
Count
Stereochemistry ABSOLUTE
Additional Stereochemistry No
Defined Stereocenters 1 / 1
E/Z Centers 0
Optical Activity UNSPECIFIED

Molecular Formula H2O
Molecular Weight 18.0153
Charge 0
Count
Stereochemistry ACHIRAL
Additional Stereochemistry No
Defined Stereocenters 0 / 0
E/Z Centers 0
Optical Activity NONE

Molecular Formula C9H13N
Molecular Weight 135.2062
Charge 0
Count
Stereochemistry RACEMIC
Additional Stereochemistry No
Defined Stereocenters 0 / 1
E/Z Centers 0
Optical Activity ( + / - )

Description
Curator's Comment: description was created based on several sources, including https://www.caremark.com/portal/asset/FEP_Rationale_Amphetamine.pdf https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23539642 http://www.cesar.umd.edu/cesar/drugs/amphetamines.asp

Amphetamine is a potent central nervous system (CNS) stimulant that is used in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), narcolepsy, and obesity. Amphetamine was discovered in 1887 and exists as two enantiomers: levoamphetamine and dextroamphetamine. The mode of therapeutic action in ADHD is not known. Amphetamines are thought to block the reuptake of norepinephrine and dopamine into the presynaptic neuron and increase the release of these monoamines into the extraneuronal space. At higher dosages, they cause release of dopamine from the mesocorticolimbic system and the nigrostriatal dopamine systems. Amphetamine may also act as a direct agonist on central 5-HT receptors and may inhibit monoamine oxidase (MAO). In the periphery, amphetamines are believed to cause the release of noradrenaline by acting on the adrenergic nerve terminals and alpha- and beta-receptors. Modulation of serotonergic pathways may contribute to the calming affect. The drug interacts with VMAT enzymes to enhance release of DA and 5-HT from vesicles. It may also directly cause the reversal of DAT and SERT. Several currently prescribed amphetamine formulations contain both enantiomers, including Adderall, Dyanavel XR, and Evekeo, the last of which is racemic amphetamine sulfate. Amphetamine is also prescribed in enantiopure and prodrug form as dextroamphetamine and lisdexamfetamine respectively. Lisdexamfetamine is structurally different from amphetamine, and is inactive until it metabolizes into dextroamphetamine.

CNS Activity

Curator's Comment: Amphetamines readily cross the blood-brain barrier to reach their primary sites of action in the brain. The acute administration of amphetamine produces a wide range of dose-dependent behavioral changes, including increased arousal or wakefulness, anorexia, hyperactivity, perseverative movements, and, in particular, a state of pleasurable affect, elation, and euphoria, which can lead to the abuse of the drug.

Originator

Curator's Comment: Although a Japanese scientist called Mr. A Ogata, was the first to synthesize methamphetamine in 1919, it wasn’t until 1930 that it was realized that amphetamines raised the blood pressure. https://blackpoppymag.wordpress.com/substances/dexedrine-dexamphetamine/

Approval Year

TargetsConditions

Conditions

ConditionModalityTargetsHighest PhaseProduct
Primary
DYANAVEL XR

Approved Use

INDICATIONS Dextroamphetamine Saccharate, Amphetamine Aspartate, Dextroamphetamine Sulfate and Amphetamine Sulfate Tablets is indicated for the treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Narcolepsy. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) A diagnosis of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD; DSM-IV®) implies the presence of hyperactive-impulsive or inattentive symptoms that caused impairment and were present before age 7 years. The symptoms must cause clinically significant impairment, e.g., in social, academic, or occupational functioning, and be present in two or more settings, e.g., school (or work) and at home. The symptoms must not be better accounted for by another mental disorder. For the Inattentive Type, at least six of the following symptoms must have persisted for at least 6 months: lack of attention to details/careless mistakes; lack of sustained attention; poor listener; failure to follow through on tasks; poor organization; avoids tasks requiring sustained mental effort; loses things; easily distracted; forgetful. For the Hyperactive-Impulsive Type, at least six of the following symptoms must have persisted for at least 6 months: fidgeting/squirming; leaving seat; inappropriate running/climbing; difficulty with quiet activities; “on the go;” excessive talking; blurting answers; can't wait turn; intrusive. The Combined Type requires both inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive criteria to be met. Special Diagnostic Considerations: Specific etiology of this syndrome is unknown, and there is no single diagnostic test. Adequate diagnosis requires the use not only of medical but of special psychological, educational, and social resources. Learning may or may not be impaired. The diagnosis must be based upon a complete history and evaluation of the child and not solely on the presence of the required number of DSM-IV® characteristics. Need for Comprehensive Treatment Program: Dextroamphetamine Saccharate, Amphetamine Aspartate, Dextroamphetamine Sulfate and Amphetamine Sulfate Tablets is indicated as an integral part of a total treatment program for ADHD that may include other measures (psychological, educational, social) for patients with this syndrome. Drug treatment may not be indicated for all children with this syndrome. Stimulants are not intended for use in the child who exhibits symptoms secondary to environmental factors and/or other primary psychiatric disorders, including psychosis. Appropriate educational placement is essential and psychosocial intervention is often helpful. When remedial measures alone are insufficient, the decision to prescribe stimulant medication will depend upon the physician's assessment of the chronicity and severity of the child's symptoms. Long-Term Use: The effectiveness of Dextroamphetamine Saccharate, Amphetamine Aspartate, Dextroamphetamine Sulfate and Amphetamine Sulfate Tablets for long-term use has not been systematically evaluated in controlled trials. Therefore, the physician who elects to use Dextroamphetamine Saccharate, Amphetamine Aspartate, Dextroamphetamine Sulfate and Amphetamine Sulfate Tablets for extended periods should periodically re-evaluate the long-term usefulness of the drug for the individual patient.

Launch Date

2015
Cmax

Cmax

ValueDoseCo-administeredAnalytePopulation
120 ng/mL
40.3 mg single, oral
dose: 40.3 mg
route of administration: Oral
experiment type: SINGLE
co-administered:
AMPHETAMINE plasma
Homo sapiens
population: HEALTHY
age: ADULT
sex: FEMALE / MALE
food status: FASTED
AUC

AUC

ValueDoseCo-administeredAnalytePopulation
1727 ng × h/mL
40.3 mg single, oral
dose: 40.3 mg
route of administration: Oral
experiment type: SINGLE
co-administered:
AMPHETAMINE plasma
Homo sapiens
population: HEALTHY
age: ADULT
sex: FEMALE / MALE
food status: FASTED
T1/2

T1/2

ValueDoseCo-administeredAnalytePopulation
7.9 h
40.3 mg single, oral
dose: 40.3 mg
route of administration: Oral
experiment type: SINGLE
co-administered:
AMPHETAMINE plasma
Homo sapiens
population: HEALTHY
age: ADULT
sex: FEMALE / MALE
food status: FASTED
Overview

Overview

CYP3A4CYP2C9CYP2D6hERG

OverviewOther

Other InhibitorOther SubstrateOther Inducer







Drug as perpetrator​Drug as victim

Drug as victim

Sourcing

Sourcing

Vendor/AggregatorIDURL
PubMed

PubMed

TitleDatePubMed
Death in amphetamine users: causes and rates.
1975 Feb 8
[Amphetamine-induced psychosis].
1998
Atrioventricular nodal re-entrant tachycardia associated with stimulant treatment.
1999
The potentiating effect of sertraline and fluoxetine on amphetamine-induced locomotor activity is not mediated by serotonin.
1999 Apr
Comparison of dopamine receptor antagonists on hyperlocomotion induced by cocaine, amphetamine, MK-801 and the dopamine D1 agonist C-APB in mice.
1999 Aug
Cocaine-seeking produced by experimenter-administered drug injections: dose-effect relationships in rats.
1999 Dec
Enantiomer-specific high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection of methamphetamines in abusers' hair and urine.
1999 Dec
Pharmacological properties of some xanthone derivatives.
1999 Jul-Aug
5-HT2 receptor antagonism reduces hyperactivity induced by amphetamine, cocaine, and MK-801 but not D1 agonist C-APB.
1999 Jun
Event-related potential indices of auditory selective attention in dependent amphetamine users.
1999 Jun 1
Acute pulmonary edema following amphetamine ingestion.
1999 Mar
Changes in astrocytic basic fibroblast growth factor expression during and after prolonged exposure to escalating doses of amphetamine.
2000
Differential regional zif268 messenger RNA expression in an escalating dose/binge model of amphetamine-induced psychosis.
2000
Selective lesions of the entorhinal cortex, the hippocampus, or the fimbria-fornix in rats: a comparison of effects on spontaneous and amphetamine-induced locomotion.
2000 Apr
A comparison of the patterns of striatal Fos-like immunoreactivity induced by various dopamine agonists in rats.
2000 Aug 4
Regulation of the human norepinephrine transporter by cocaine and amphetamine.
2000 Dec
[Fatal intracerebral hemorrhage after amphetamine intake].
2000 Jul 31
Effect of dopamine agonists and antagonists on the lorazepam withdrawal syndrome in rats.
2000 Mar
Lack of effect of repeated treatment with a glycineB receptor partial agonist on the amphetamine-induced hyperactivity in rats.
2000 May-Jun
Amphetamine-induced toxicity in dopamine terminals in CD-1 and C57BL/6J mice: complex roles for oxygen-based species and temperature regulation.
2001
SB-243213; a selective 5-HT2C receptor inverse agonist with improved anxiolytic profile: lack of tolerance and withdrawal anxiety.
2001 Aug
Developmental aspects of psychostimulant treatment in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
2001 Dec
Role of hypothalamic neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the change of feeding behavior induced by repeated treatment of amphetamine.
2001 Dec 7
[Myocardial infarction caused by amphetamine].
2001 Feb
Transcranial magnetic stimulation in an amphetamine hyperactivity model of mania.
2001 Feb
Placebo-controlled evaluation of amphetamine mixture-dextroamphetamine salts and amphetamine salts (Adderall): efficacy rate and side effects.
2001 Jan
Adderall and the FDA.
2001 Jul
Acute myocardial infarction caused by amphetamines: a case report and review of the literature.
2001 Jun
Adderall, the atypicals, and weight gain.
2001 Jun
Induction of tolerance to the suppressant effect of the neurotensin analogue NT69L on amphetamine-induced hyperactivity.
2001 Jun 22
Amphetamine selectively blocks inhibitory glutamate transmission in dopamine neurons.
2001 Mar
SLI381: a long-acting psychostimulant preparation for the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.
2001 Nov
Changes in the performance of schedule-induced polydipsia (SIP) in rats after arecoline and amphetamine treatments.
2001 Oct
Serotonin1B receptor ligands in the nucleus accumbens shell do not affect the discriminative stimulus effects of amphetamine in rats.
2001 Sep-Oct
D-amphetamine-induced behavioral sensitization: effect of lesioning dopaminergic terminals in the medial prefrontal cortex, the amygdala and the entorhinal cortex.
2002
The effects of delayed rewards, tokens, and stimulant medication on sportsmanlike behavior with ADHD-diagnosed children.
2002 Apr
Adderall and seizures.
2002 Apr
Amphetamine salt compound treatment for adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
2002 Apr
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study of SLI381 (Adderall XR) in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
2002 Aug
Spontaneous novelty seeking and amphetamine-induced conditioning and sensitization in adult mice: evidence of dissociation as a function of age at weaning.
2002 Aug
Synthesis and D(2)-like binding affinity of new derivatives of N-(1-ethyl-2-pyrrolidinylmethyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-benzo[g]indole-3-carboxamide and related 4H-[1]benzothiopyrano[4,3-b]pyrrole and 5,6-dihydro-4H-benzo[6,7]cyclohepta[b]pyrrole-3-carboxamide analogues.
2002 Aug
Cocaine and amphetamine depress striatal GABAergic synaptic transmission through D2 dopamine receptors.
2002 Feb
Dopamine transporter-dependent induction of C-Fos in HEK cells.
2002 Jul
Efficacy of Adderall and methylphenidate in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a drug-placebo and drug-drug response curve analysis of a naturalistic study.
2002 Jun
Cocaine and amphetamine attenuate the discriminative stimulus effects of naltrexone in opioid-dependent rhesus monkeys.
2002 Jun
The ability of amphetamine to evoke arc (Arg 3.1) mRNA expression in the caudate, nucleus accumbens and neocortex is modulated by environmental context.
2002 Mar 15
Efficacy of Adderall for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: a meta-analysis.
2002 Sep
Spatial and temporal profile of haloperidol-induced immediate-early gene expression and phosphoCREB binding in the dorsal and ventral striatum of amphetamine-sensitized rats.
2002 Sep 15
Effect of amphetamine repeated treatment on the feeding behavior in neuropeptide Y-overexpressing mice.
2002 Sep 6
Case series: Adderall augmentation of serotonin reuptake inhibitors in childhood-onset obsessive compulsive disorder.
2002 Summer
Patents

Sample Use Guides

DYANAVEL XR (R (amphetamine) extended-release oral suspension) should be orally administered once daily in the morning with or without food. The dose should be individualized according to the needs and responses of the patient. Before administering the dose, shake the bottle of DYANAVEL XR. In children 6 years of age and older, start with 2.5 mg or 5 mg once daily in the morning. The dose may be increase
Route of Administration: Oral
In Vitro Use Guide
Curator's Comment: Amph increases the effects induced by βPEA on the LGC-55, indicating that Amph potentiates the effects generated by the biogenic amine βPEA
β-Phenylethylamine (βPEA) activates the amine-gated chloride channel LGC-55 more efficiently than amphetamine (Amph) (Km = 9 and 152 μm, respectively)
Substance Class Chemical
Created
by admin
on Fri Dec 15 16:38:51 GMT 2023
Edited
by admin
on Fri Dec 15 16:38:51 GMT 2023
Record UNII
O1ZPV620O4
Record Status Validated (UNII)
Record Version
  • Download
Name Type Language
AMPHETAMINE ASPARTATE MONOHYDRATE
Systematic Name English
L-ASPARTIC ACID, COMPD. WITH .ALPHA.-METHYLBENZENEETHANAMINE (1:2), MONOHYDRATE
Common Name English
L-ASPARTIC ACID, COMPD. WITH .ALPHA.-METHYLBENZENEETHANAMINE, HYDRATE (1:2:1)
Common Name English
AMFETAMINE ASPARTATE MONOHYDRATE
WHO-DD  
Common Name English
Amfetamine aspartate monohydrate [WHO-DD]
Common Name English
Code System Code Type Description
CAS
851591-76-9
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 16:38:51 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 16:38:51 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
EVMPD
SUB182423
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 16:38:51 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 16:38:51 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
FDA UNII
O1ZPV620O4
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 16:38:51 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 16:38:51 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
DAILYMED
O1ZPV620O4
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 16:38:51 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 16:38:51 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
RXCUI
405812
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 16:38:51 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 16:38:51 GMT 2023
PRIMARY RxNorm
EPA CompTox
DTXSID50234313
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 16:38:51 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 16:38:51 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
PUBCHEM
71587816
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 16:38:51 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 16:38:51 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
DRUG BANK
DBSALT001501
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 16:38:51 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 16:38:51 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
SMS_ID
100000168889
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 16:38:51 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 16:38:51 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
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