Details
Stereochemistry | ACHIRAL |
Molecular Formula | C6H8ClN7O.ClH.2H2O |
Molecular Weight | 302.119 |
Optical Activity | NONE |
Defined Stereocenters | 0 / 0 |
E/Z Centers | 0 |
Charge | 0 |
SHOW SMILES / InChI
SMILES
O.O.Cl.NC(=N)NC(=O)C1=C(N)N=C(N)C(Cl)=N1
InChI
InChIKey=LTKVFMLMEYCWMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI=1S/C6H8ClN7O.ClH.2H2O/c7-2-4(9)13-3(8)1(12-2)5(15)14-6(10)11;;;/h(H4,8,9,13)(H4,10,11,14,15);1H;2*1H2
Molecular Formula | C6H8ClN7O |
Molecular Weight | 229.627 |
Charge | 0 |
Count |
|
Stereochemistry | ACHIRAL |
Additional Stereochemistry | No |
Defined Stereocenters | 0 / 0 |
E/Z Centers | 0 |
Optical Activity | NONE |
Molecular Formula | ClH |
Molecular Weight | 36.461 |
Charge | 0 |
Count |
|
Stereochemistry | ACHIRAL |
Additional Stereochemistry | No |
Defined Stereocenters | 0 / 0 |
E/Z Centers | 0 |
Optical Activity | NONE |
Molecular Formula | H2O |
Molecular Weight | 18.0153 |
Charge | 0 |
Count |
|
Stereochemistry | ACHIRAL |
Additional Stereochemistry | No |
Defined Stereocenters | 0 / 0 |
E/Z Centers | 0 |
Optical Activity | NONE |
DescriptionSources: http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00594Curator's Comment: Description was created based on several sources, including
http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2002/18-200S024_Midamor_Prntlbl.pdf
Sources: http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00594
Curator's Comment: Description was created based on several sources, including
http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2002/18-200S024_Midamor_Prntlbl.pdf
Amiloride, an antikaliuretic-diuretic agent, is a pyrazine-carbonyl-guanidine that is unrelated chemically to other known antikaliuretic or diuretic agents. It is an antihypertensive, potassium-sparing diuretic that was first approved for use in 1967 and helps to treat hypertension and congestive heart failure. The drug is often used in conjunction with thiazide or loop diuretics. Due to its potassium-sparing capacities, hyperkalemia (high blood potassium levels) are occasionally observed in patients taking amiloride. Amiloride works by inhibiting sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts in the kidneys by binding to the amiloride-sensitive sodium channels. This promotes the loss of sodium and water from the body, but without depleting potassium. It is used for as adjunctive treatment with thiazide diuretics or other kaliuretic-diuretic agents in congestive heart failure or hypertension.
CNS Activity
Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21534729
Curator's Comment: Amiloride can cross the blood–brain barrier and has proven beneficial in the treatment of several neuropathological conditions including brain ischemia
Approval Year
Targets
Primary Target | Pharmacology | Condition | Potency |
---|---|---|---|
Target ID: CHEMBL1791 Sources: http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00594 |
776.0 nM [IC50] | ||
Target ID: P51168 Gene ID: 6338.0 Gene Symbol: SCNN1B Target Organism: Homo sapiens (Human) Sources: http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00594 |
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Target ID: P51170|||Q96TD2 Gene ID: 6340.0 Gene Symbol: SCNN1G Target Organism: Homo sapiens (Human) Sources: http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00594 |
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Target ID: CHEMBL5368 Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19339181 |
4.4 µM [IC50] |
Conditions
Condition | Modality | Targets | Highest Phase | Product |
---|---|---|---|---|
Primary | Midamor Approved UsePreventing development of low blood potassium or helping to restore normal blood potassium in patients with high blood pressure or heart failure. Launch Date1981 |
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Primary | Midamor Approved UsePreventing development of low blood potassium or helping to restore normal blood potassium in patients with high blood pressure or heart failure. Launch Date1981 |
Cmax
Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
---|---|---|---|---|
20.6 ng/mL EXPERIMENT https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9085317 |
10 mg single, oral dose: 10 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
AMILORIDE plasma | Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: UNKNOWN food status: FASTED |
|
1.57 ng/mL EXPERIMENT https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9085317 |
17 mmol single, respiratory dose: 17 mmol route of administration: Respiratory experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
AMILORIDE plasma | Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN |
AUC
Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
---|---|---|---|---|
275 ng × h/mL EXPERIMENT https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9085317 |
10 mg single, oral dose: 10 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
AMILORIDE plasma | Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: UNKNOWN food status: FASTED |
T1/2
Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
---|---|---|---|---|
16 h EXPERIMENT https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9085317 |
10 mg single, oral dose: 10 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
AMILORIDE plasma | Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: UNKNOWN food status: FASTED |
Funbound
Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
---|---|---|---|---|
77% |
AMILORIDE plasma | Homo sapiens population: UNKNOWN age: UNKNOWN sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN |
Doses
Dose | Population | Adverse events |
---|---|---|
25 mg 3 times / day multiple, oral Highest studied dose Dose: 25 mg, 3 times / day Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 25 mg, 3 times / day Sources: Page: p.372 |
healthy, 25-44 n = 5 Health Status: healthy Age Group: 25-44 Sex: M Population Size: 5 Sources: Page: p.372 |
|
10 mg 1 times / day multiple, oral (max) Recommended Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day Co-administed with:: furosemide, p.o(40 mg; q.d) Sources: Page: p.696 |
unhealthy, 58 n = 18 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Hypertension Age Group: 58 Sex: M+F Population Size: 18 Sources: Page: p.696 |
Disc. AE: Dry mouth, Constipation... AEs leading to discontinuation/dose reduction: Dry mouth (5.5%) Sources: Page: p.696Constipation (5.5%) Malaise (moderate, 5.5%) |
5 mg 3 times / day multiple, oral Recommended Dose: 5 mg, 3 times / day Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 5 mg, 3 times / day Co-administed with:: hydrochlorothiazide, p.o(50 mg; q.d) Sources: Page: p.423 |
unhealthy n = 12 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Hypertension Sex: M+F Population Size: 12 Sources: Page: p.423 |
Disc. AE: Nausea, Weakness... AEs leading to discontinuation/dose reduction: Nausea (severe, 16.7%) Sources: Page: p.423Weakness (severe, 16.7%) |
AEs
AE | Significance | Dose | Population |
---|---|---|---|
Constipation | 5.5% Disc. AE |
10 mg 1 times / day multiple, oral (max) Recommended Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day Co-administed with:: furosemide, p.o(40 mg; q.d) Sources: Page: p.696 |
unhealthy, 58 n = 18 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Hypertension Age Group: 58 Sex: M+F Population Size: 18 Sources: Page: p.696 |
Dry mouth | 5.5% Disc. AE |
10 mg 1 times / day multiple, oral (max) Recommended Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day Co-administed with:: furosemide, p.o(40 mg; q.d) Sources: Page: p.696 |
unhealthy, 58 n = 18 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Hypertension Age Group: 58 Sex: M+F Population Size: 18 Sources: Page: p.696 |
Malaise | moderate, 5.5% Disc. AE |
10 mg 1 times / day multiple, oral (max) Recommended Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day Co-administed with:: furosemide, p.o(40 mg; q.d) Sources: Page: p.696 |
unhealthy, 58 n = 18 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Hypertension Age Group: 58 Sex: M+F Population Size: 18 Sources: Page: p.696 |
Nausea | severe, 16.7% Disc. AE |
5 mg 3 times / day multiple, oral Recommended Dose: 5 mg, 3 times / day Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 5 mg, 3 times / day Co-administed with:: hydrochlorothiazide, p.o(50 mg; q.d) Sources: Page: p.423 |
unhealthy n = 12 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Hypertension Sex: M+F Population Size: 12 Sources: Page: p.423 |
Weakness | severe, 16.7% Disc. AE |
5 mg 3 times / day multiple, oral Recommended Dose: 5 mg, 3 times / day Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 5 mg, 3 times / day Co-administed with:: hydrochlorothiazide, p.o(50 mg; q.d) Sources: Page: p.423 |
unhealthy n = 12 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Hypertension Sex: M+F Population Size: 12 Sources: Page: p.423 |
Overview
CYP3A4 | CYP2C9 | CYP2D6 | hERG |
---|---|---|---|
Drug as perpetrator
Target | Modality | Activity | Metabolite | Clinical evidence |
---|---|---|---|---|
likely | ||||
weak [IC50 1091 uM] | ||||
weak [IC50 840 uM] | ||||
yes [IC50 2.41 uM] | ||||
yes [IC50 3.06 uM] | ||||
yes [IC50 62 uM] | ||||
yes |
Drug as victim
Target | Modality | Activity | Metabolite | Clinical evidence |
---|---|---|---|---|
yes | ||||
yes | ||||
yes | ||||
yes |
PubMed
Title | Date | PubMed |
---|---|---|
Acute effects of lithium on the renal concentrating mechanism in a primate. | 1975 Mar |
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Influence of ammonia on sodium absorption in rat proximal colon. | 2000 Aug |
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Transepithelial resistance can be regulated by the intestinal brush-border Na(+)/H(+) exchanger NHE3. | 2000 Dec |
|
The myocardial Na+/H+ exchanger: a potential therapeutic target for the prevention of myocardial ischaemic and reperfusion injury and attenuation of postinfarction heart failure. | 2001 |
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Impaired sodium excretion, decreased glomerular filtration rate and elevated blood pressure in endothelin receptor type B deficient rats. | 2001 |
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Tracing the route taken by peptides and major histocompatibility complex class I molecules in presentation of exogenous antigens. | 2001 |
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Maxi K+ channels co-localised with CFTR in the apical membrane of an exocrine gland acinus: possible involvement in secretion. | 2001 Apr |
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Regulation of Na(+) transport across leech skin by peptide hormones and neurotransmitters. | 2001 Apr |
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Effects of SNP, ouabain, and amiloride on electrical potential profile of isolated sheep pleura. | 2001 Apr |
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Expression of highly selective sodium channels in alveolar type II cells is determined by culture conditions. | 2001 Apr |
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Involvement of noradrenaline transporters in S-nitrosocysteine-stimulated noradrenaline release from rat brain slices: existence of functional Na(+)-independent transporter activity. | 2001 Apr |
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Oxygen-evoked Na+ transport in rat fetal distal lung epithelial cells. | 2001 Apr 1 |
|
Effect of 2',4'-dichlorobenzamil hydrochloride, a Na(+)-Ca(2+) exchange inhibitor, on human spermatozoa. | 2001 Apr 20 |
|
Resorptive state and cell size influence intracellular pH regulation in rabbit osteoclasts cultured on collagen-hydroxyapatite films. | 2001 Feb |
|
Pontine gustatory activity is altered by electrical stimulation in the central nucleus of the amygdala. | 2001 Feb |
|
Inhibition of the NA(+)/H(+) exchanger reduces rat hepatic stellate cell activity and liver fibrosis: an in vitro and in vivo study. | 2001 Feb |
|
The transient receptor potential protein homologue TRP6 is the essential component of vascular alpha(1)-adrenoceptor-activated Ca(2+)-permeable cation channel. | 2001 Feb 16 |
|
Activation of Na(+), K(+), Cl(-)-cotransport mediates intracellular Ca(2+) increase and apoptosis induced by Pinacidil in HepG2 human hepatoblastoma cells. | 2001 Feb 23 |
|
Involvement of calcium influx in hypoxia-induced bleb formation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. | 2001 Feb-Mar |
|
Transport of [3H]MPP+ in an immortalized rat brain microvessel endothelial cell line (RBE 4). | 2001 Jan |
|
Magnesium transport in the renal distal convoluted tubule. | 2001 Jan |
|
Effects of enzyme and anion transport inhibitors on in vitro incorporation of inorganic carbon and calcium into endolymph and otoliths in salmon Oncorhynchus masou. | 2001 Jan |
|
Functional role of sodium-calcium exchange in the regulation of renal vascular resistance. | 2001 Jan |
|
NHE and ICAM-1 expression in hypoxic/reoxygenated coronary microvascular endothelial cells. | 2001 Jun |
|
cAMP-dependent fluid secretion in rat inner medullary collecting ducts. | 2001 Jun |
|
Mechanisms of TNF-alpha stimulation of amiloride-sensitive sodium transport across alveolar epithelium. | 2001 Jun |
|
NaCl detection thresholds: comparison of Fischer 344 and Wistar rats. | 2001 Mar |
|
New quinolone, grepafloxacin, inhibits Cl- secretion across bovine airway epithelium in culture. | 2001 Mar |
|
Complexities of measuring antagonist potency at P2X(7) receptor orthologs. | 2001 Mar |
|
The distal convoluted tubule of rabbit kidney does not express a functional sodium channel. | 2001 Mar |
|
Alveolar epithelial barrier functions in ventilated perfused rabbit lungs. | 2001 May |
|
Nongenomic effect of testosterone on chloride secretion in cultured rat efferent duct epithelia. | 2001 May |
|
Dependence of the acid-sensitive ion channel, ASIC1a, on extracellular Ca(2+) ions. | 2001 May 11 |
|
Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel (Na+,K+)/H+ exchanger localized to the trans-Golgi network. | 2001 May 18 |
|
A standing Na+ conductance in rat carotid body type I cells. | 2001 May 25 |
|
Amiloride-sensitive sodium currents in identified taste cells of the frog. | 2001 May 25 |
Sample Use Guides
In Vivo Use Guide
Sources: https://www.drugs.com/dosage/midamor.html
MIDAMOR (Amiloride), one 5 mg tablet daily, should be added to the usual antihypertensive or diuretic dosage of a kaliuretic diuretic. The dosage may be increased to 10 mg per day, if necessary. More than two 5 mg tablets of MIDAMOR daily usually are not needed, and there is little controlled experience with such doses. If persistent hypokalemia is documented with 10 mg, the dose can be increased to 15 mg, then 20 mg, with careful monitoring of electrolytes.
If it is necessary to use MIDAMOR alone (see INDICATIONS), the starting dosage should be one 5 mg tablet daily. This dosage may be increased to 10 mg per day, if necessary. More than two 5 mg tablets usually are not needed, and there is little controlled experience with such doses. If persistent hypokalemia is documented with 10 mg, the dose can be increased to 15 mg, then 20 mg, with careful monitoring of electrolytes.
Route of Administration:
Oral
In Vitro Use Guide
Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25864651
Amiloride (10, 30, and 100 μmol/L) concentration-dependently potentiated erlotinib-induced inhibition of cell proliferation and colony formation in the 4 human pancreatic cancer cell lines.
Substance Class |
Chemical
Created
by
admin
on
Edited
Fri Dec 15 17:23:05 GMT 2023
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admin
on
Fri Dec 15 17:23:05 GMT 2023
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Record UNII |
FZJ37245UC
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Record Status |
Validated (UNII)
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Record Version |
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Classification Tree | Code System | Code | ||
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NCI_THESAURUS |
C49186
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FDA ORPHAN DRUG |
48190
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EU-Orphan Drug |
EU/3/03/147
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NCI_THESAURUS |
C582
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68540
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CHEMBL945
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142424
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84743
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755847
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m1671
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AMILORIDE HYDROCHLORIDE
Created by
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PRIMARY | Description: A pale yellow to greenish yellow powder; odourless or almost odourless. Solubility: Slightly soluble in water and ethanol (~750 g/l) TS; practically insoluble in ether R. Category: Diuretic. Storage: Amiloride hydrochloride should be kept in a well-closed container, protected from light. Definition: Amiloride hydrochloride contains not less than 98.0% and not more than 101.0% of C6H8ClN7O,HCl, calculated with reference to the dried substance. | ||
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SUB00445MIG
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SUB21895
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100000088483
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DTXSID80169826
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1019701
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DBSALT001807
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17440-83-4
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C47390
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BASIS OF STRENGTH->SUBSTANCE |
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IMPURITY -> PARENT |
CHROMATOGRAPHIC PURITY (HPLC/UV)
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ACTIVE MOIETY |