PENTAMIDINE GLUCONATE

Details

Stereochemistry	ABSOLUTE
Molecular Formula	C19H24N4O2.2C6H12O7
Molecular Weight	732.73
Optical Activity	UNSPECIFIED
Defined Stereocenters	8 / 8
E/Z Centers	0
Charge	0

SHOW SMILES / InChI

Structure Search

SMILES

OC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C(O)=O.OC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C(O)=O.NC(=N)C1=CC=C(OCCCCCOC2=CC=C(C=C2)C(N)=N)C=C1

InChI

InChIKey=JAVCHNFPSHBZAF-UUPCJSQJSA-N

InChI=1S/C19H24N4O2.2C6H12O7/c20-18(21)14-4-8-16(9-5-14)24-12-2-1-3-13-25-17-10-6-15(7-11-17)19(22)23;2*7-1-2(8)3(9)4(10)5(11)6(12)13/h4-11H,1-3,12-13H2,(H3,20,21)(H3,22,23);2*2-5,7-11H,1H2,(H,12,13)/t;2*2-,3-,4+,5-/m.11/s1

HIDE SMILES / InChI

Molecular Formula	C19H24N4O2
Molecular Weight	340.4195
Charge	0
Count

Stereochemistry	ACHIRAL
Additional Stereochemistry	No
Defined Stereocenters	0 / 0
E/Z Centers	0
Optical Activity	NONE

Molecular Formula	C6H12O7
Molecular Weight	196.1553
Charge	0
Count

Stereochemistry	ABSOLUTE
Additional Stereochemistry	No
Defined Stereocenters	4 / 4
E/Z Centers	0
Optical Activity	UNSPECIFIED

Description
Sources: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2011/019887s014lbl.pdf
Curator's Comment: description was created based on several sources, including: http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00738 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentamidine

Pentamidine (formulated as a salt, pentamidine diisethionate or dimesilate) is an antimicrobial medication given for prevention and treatment of pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) caused by Pneumocystis jirovecii (formerly known as Pneumocystis carinii), a severe interstitial type of pneumonia often seen in patients with HIV infection. The drug is also the mainstay of treatment for stage I infection with Trypanosoma bruceigambiense (West African trypanosomiasis). Pentamidine is also used as a prophylactic against PCP in patients receiving chemotherapy and in some patients who have undergone organ transplantation, as they also have a depressed immune system as a direct side-effect of the drugs used. The mortality of untreated PCP is very high. Additionally, pentamidine has good clinical activity in treating leishmaniasis, and yeast infections caused by the organism Candida albicans. Pentamidine is also used as a prophylactic antibiotic for children undergoing treatment for leukemia. Studies suggest that the pentamidine isethionate interferes with microbial nuclear metabolism by inhibition of DNA, RNA, phospholipid and protein synthesis. However, the mode of action is not fully understood.

CNS Activity

Originator

Approval Year

Targets

Primary Target	Pharmacology	Condition	Potency
tRNA (cytosine(38)-C(5))-methyltransferase 6 Target ID: O14717 Gene ID: 1787.0 Gene Symbol: TRDMT1 Target Organism: Homo sapiens (Human) Sources: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2275129/	Binding Agent 1059		204.4 µM [EC50]
DNA 247 Target ID: CHEMBL2366046 Sources: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=e2ad9d3c-b6c3-4f70-87e0-722a8ff94ccb#nlm34090-1	Inhibitor 8228

Conditions

Condition	Modality	Targets	Highest Phase	Product
Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (PJP) in high-risk, HIV-infected patients 6 Sources: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2011/019887s014lbl.pdf	Preventing		Approved 8360	NEBUPENT Approved Use Pentamidine Launch Date 4.82112012E11

C_max

Value	Dose	Analyte	Population
751 nM EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8056699	3.9 mg/kg 1 times / day multiple, intravenous dose: 3.9 mg/kg route of administration: Intravenous experiment type: MULTIPLE co-administered:	PENTAMIDINE blood	Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN
18.8 ng/mL DRUG LABEL https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2011/019887s014lbl.pdf	4 mg/kg 1 times / day multiple, irrigation dose: 4 mg/kg route of administration: Irrigation experiment type: MULTIPLE co-administered:	PENTAMIDINE unknown	Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN
612 ng/mL DRUG LABEL https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2011/019887s014lbl.pdf	4 mg/kg single, intravenous dose: 4 mg/kg route of administration: Intravenous experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	PENTAMIDINE unknown	Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN

AUC

Value	Dose	Co-administered	Analyte	Population
6734 nM × h EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8056699	3.9 mg/kg 1 times / day multiple, intravenous dose: 3.9 mg/kg route of administration: Intravenous experiment type: MULTIPLE co-administered:		PENTAMIDINE blood	Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN

T_1/2

Value	Dose	Co-administered	Analyte	Population
6.4 h DRUG LABEL https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2011/019887s014lbl.pdf	4 mg/kg single, intravenous dose: 4 mg/kg route of administration: Intravenous experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:		PENTAMIDINE unknown	Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN

Doses

Dose	Population	Adverse events
1600 mg single, intravenous Overdose Dose: 1600 mg Route: intravenous Route: single Dose: 1600 mg Sources: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=cc2b635e-4840-4dc3-a177-5484371680e8&type=display	unhealthy, 17 n = 1 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Pneumonia due to Pneumocystis carinii Age Group: 17 Population Size: 1 Sources: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=cc2b635e-4840-4dc3-a177-5484371680e8&type=display	Other AEs: Impaired renal function, Hepatic impairment... Other AEs: Impaired renal function Hepatic impairment Hypotension Cardiopulmonary arrest Sources: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=cc2b635e-4840-4dc3-a177-5484371680e8&type=display
600 mg 1 times / month multiple, respiratory Highest studied dose Dose: 600 mg, 1 times / month Route: respiratory Route: multiple Dose: 600 mg, 1 times / month Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8750367 Page: p.1167	unhealthy, 37.9 ± 7.5 n = 76 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Pneumonia due to Pneumocystis carinii Age Group: 37.9 ± 7.5 Sex: M+F Population Size: 76 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8750367 Page: p.1167	Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8750367 Page: p.1167
300 mg 1 times / month multiple, respiratory Recommended Dose: 300 mg, 1 times / month Route: respiratory Route: multiple Dose: 300 mg, 1 times / month Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2011/019887s014lbl.pdf Page: p.6	unhealthy Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Pneumonia due to Pneumocystis carinii Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2011/019887s014lbl.pdf Page: p.6	Disc. AE: Acute pancreatitis... AEs leading to discontinuation/dose reduction: Acute pancreatitis Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2011/019887s014lbl.pdf Page: p.6
4 mg/kg 1 times / day multiple, intramuscular Recommended Dose: 4 mg/kg, 1 times / day Route: intramuscular Route: multiple Dose: 4 mg/kg, 1 times / day Sources: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=cc2b635e-4840-4dc3-a177-5484371680e8&type=display	unhealthy Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Pneumonia due to Pneumocystis carinii Sources: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=cc2b635e-4840-4dc3-a177-5484371680e8&type=display	Disc. AE: Hypotension, Hypoglycemia... Other AEs: Extravasation, Injection site ulceration... AEs leading to discontinuation/dose reduction: Hypotension (grade 3-5) Hypoglycemia (grade 5) Acute pancreatitis (grade 5) Cardiac arrhythmias (grade 5) Cardiac arrhythmias (grade 5) Other AEs: Extravasation Injection site ulceration Injection site necrosis Slough injection site Sources: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=cc2b635e-4840-4dc3-a177-5484371680e8&type=display
4 mg/kg 1 times / day multiple, intravenous Recommended Dose: 4 mg/kg, 1 times / day Route: intravenous Route: multiple Dose: 4 mg/kg, 1 times / day Sources: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=cc2b635e-4840-4dc3-a177-5484371680e8&type=display	unhealthy Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Pneumonia due to Pneumocystis carinii Sources: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=cc2b635e-4840-4dc3-a177-5484371680e8&type=display	Disc. AE: Hypotension, Hypoglycemia... Other AEs: Extravasation, Injection site ulceration... AEs leading to discontinuation/dose reduction: Hypotension (grade 3-5) Hypoglycemia (grade 5) Acute pancreatitis (grade 5) Cardiac arrhythmias (grade 5) Cardiac arrhythmias (grade 5) Other AEs: Extravasation Injection site ulceration Injection site necrosis Slough injection site Sources: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=cc2b635e-4840-4dc3-a177-5484371680e8&type=display

AEs

Overview

CYP3A4	CYP2C9	CYP2D6	hERG

OverviewOther

Other Inhibitor	Other Substrate	Other Inducer
Kir4.1 6	OCT1 322 P-gp 1527 MRP transporters 10

Drug as perpetrator

Target	Modality	Activity	Metabolite	Clinical evidence
Kir4.1 6	inhibitor 3240 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28993158/	yes [IC50 0.097 uM]
BCRP 765	activator 210 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22200378/	yes

Drug as victim

Target	Modality	Activity
MRP transporters 10	substrate 3326 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19261919/	yes
OCT1 322	substrate 3326 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28362799/	yes
P-gp 1527	substrate 3326 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19261919/	yes

Sourcing

Vendor/Aggregator	ID	URL
ChEBI	CHEBI:45081	https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:45081
ChemicalBook	CB4476092	https://www.chemicalbook.com/ChemicalProductProperty_EN_CB4476092
MolPort	MolPort-001-792-506	https://www.molport.com/shop/molecule-link/MolPort-001-792-506
ZINC	ZINC000001530775	http://zinc15.docking.org/substances/ZINC000001530775
eMolecules	1012733	https://www.emolecules.com/cgi-bin/more?vid=1012733

PubMed

Title	Date	PubMed
Efficacy of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole in the prevention and treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis.	1974 Mar	4365115
[Severe renal and pancreatic complications during treatment with pentamidine in African trypanosomiasis].	1975 Aug-Sep	1217775
[Kidney failure during treatment of T. rhodesiense trypanosomiasis with pentamidin].	1977	610624
Pentamidine treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Association with acute renal failure and myoglobinuria.	1985 Dec	3878136
Pentamidine-associated hypotension and route of administration.	1985 Sep	4026103
Pentamidine and renal toxicity.	1985 Sep 12	4022063
Hypoglycemic coma from pentamadine in an AIDS patient.	1986 Jul	3487333
Adverse reactions associated with pentamidine isethionate in AIDS patients: recommendations for monitoring therapy.	1986 Nov	3490958
Torsade de pointes during administration of pentamidine isethionate.	1987 Sep	3499072
Aggressive psychosis in AIDS patient on high-dose steroids.	1987 Sep 26	2888983
Recurrent ventricular tachycardia due to pentamidine-induced cardiotoxicity.	1988 Dec	3263912
Torsades de pointes during intravenous pentamidine isethionate therapy.	1989 Jan 15	2783374
Analogues of 1,5-bis(4-amidinophenoxy)pentane (pentamidine) in the treatment of experimental Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.	1990 Apr	2319567
Effects of pentamidine alone and in combination with ketoconazole or itraconazole on the growth of Candida albicans.	1990 Dec	1965104
Ventricular tachycardia and torsades de pointes complicating pentamidine therapy of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.	1990 Oct 1	2220597
Symptomatic hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia with renal magnesium wasting associated with pentamidine therapy in a patient with AIDS.	1990 Sep	2393042
Pentamidine-associated nephrotoxicity and hyperkalemia in patients with AIDS.	1991 Nov	1763529
Anti-cryptosporidial drug activity screened with an immunosuppressed rat model.	1991 Nov-Dec	1818183
Inhibition of topoisomerases from Pneumocystis carinii by aromatic dicationic molecules.	1991 Nov-Dec	1667935
[Infantile visceral leishmaniasis in Morocco. A review of 67 cases managed at the Rabat Hospital for children (1979-1988)].	1991 Sep	1659303
Cardiac arrest during treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia with intravenous pentamidine isethionate.	1992	1589716
High pentamidine levels associated with hypoglycemia and azotemia in a patient with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.	1992 Aug	1424505
Hematuria associated with pentamidine therapy for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.	1992 Jun	1388884
Higher pentamidine levels in AIDS patients with hypoglycemia and azotemia during treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.	1992 Sep	1519856
In vitro activities of pentamidine, pyrimethamine, trimethoprim, and sulfonamides against Aspergillus species.	2002 Jun	12019133
Antileishmanial drugs cause up-regulation of interferon-gamma receptor 1, not only in the monocytes of visceral leishmaniasis cases but also in cultured THP1 cells.	2003 Apr	12803856
Search of chemical scaffolds for novel antituberculosis agents.	2005 Apr	15809316
Detection of immunotoxicity using T-cell based cytokine reporter cell lines ("Cell Chip").	2005 Jan 15	15588918
Protein trafficking abnormalities: a new mechanism in drug-induced long QT syndrome.	2005 May	15711590
Pentamidine is an antiparasitic and apoptotic drug that selectively modifies ubiquitin.	2005 Oct	17191940
In vitro selection and in vivo efficacy of piperazine- and alkanediamide-linked bisbenzamidines against Pneumocystis pneumonia in mice.	2006 Jul	16801410
Comparative evaluation of HERG currents and QT intervals following challenge with suspected torsadogenic and nontorsadogenic drugs.	2006 Mar	16278312
Cellulose biosynthesis pathway is a potential target in the improved treatment of Acanthamoeba keratitis.	2007 May	17225099
Synthesis and antiprotozoal activity of cationic 2-phenylbenzofurans.	2008 Nov 13	18841956
Synthesis and antiprotozoal activity of pyridyl analogues of pentamidine.	2009 Aug 13	19606902
Two cases of visceral leishmaniasis in Colombia resistant to meglumine antimonial treatment.	2009 Jul-Aug	19739006
The diamidine DB75 targets the nucleus of Plasmodium falciparum.	2009 May 14	19442305
Bisbenzamidine derivative, pentamidine represses DNA damage response through inhibition of histone H2A acetylation.	2010 Feb 9	20144237
Profiling of a prescription drug library for potential renal drug-drug interactions mediated by the organic cation transporter 2.	2011 Jul 14	21599003
The pharmacological profile of brain liver intestine Na+ channel: inhibition by diarylamidines and activation by fenamates.	2011 Nov	21828194
Synthesis and antiprotozoal activity of dicationic 2,6-diphenylpyrazines and aza-analogues.	2013 Nov 1	24012380
Systems pharmacological analysis of drugs inducing stevens-johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis.	2015 May 18	25811541

Patents

Sample Use Guides

In Vivo Use Guide

The recommended adult dosage is 300 mg once every four weeks administered via the Respirgard® II nebulizer. The dose should be delivered until the nebulizer chamber is empty (approximately 30 to 45 minutes). The flow rate should be 5 to 7 liters per minute from a 40 to 50 pounds per square inch (PSI) air or oxygen source. Alternatively, a 40 to 50 PSI air compressor can be used with flow limited by setting the flowmeter at 5 to 7 liters per minute or by setting the pressure at 22 to 25 PSI. Low pressure (less than 20 PSI) compressors should not be used.

Route of Administration: Irrigation

In Vitro Use Guide

Pentamidine was found to be active against T. whipplei strains both in axenic medium and in cell culture, with minimum inhibitory concentration ranges of 0.125-0.25mg/L.

Substance Class	Chemical Created by `admin` on `Wed Jul 05 23:16:02 UTC 2023` Edited by `admin` on `Wed Jul 05 23:16:02 UTC 2023`
Record UNII	B0WU872RIR
Record Status	`Validated (UNII)`
Record Version

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Name

Type

Language

PENTAMIDINE GLUCONATE

Common Name

English

D-GLUCONIC ACID, COMPD. WITH 4,4'-(1,5-PENTANEDIYLBIS(OXY))BIS(BENZENECARBOXIMIDAMIDE) (2:1)

Common Name

English

Code System Code Type Description

DRUG BANK

DBSALT002233