Albifylline [HWA 138, A 813138] is a xanthine derivative that was undergoing phase I development in Germany and the US with Hoechst Marion Roussel for the septic shock, but later it was discontinued. Albifylline is a cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor, pharmacologically active on the peripheral and/or cerebral microcirculation. Albifylline has been shown to increase yeast urinary clearance and to reduce yeast counts in the kidneys of rats infected with Candida albicans. Furthermore, Albifylline has also been shown to prevent amphotericin B-induced acute renal failure in rats. Albifylline has demonstrated antifungal activity in experimental systemic candidiasis. Albifylline played role in attenuation of acute lung injury in septic guinea-pigs.