Details
Stereochemistry | ABSOLUTE |
Molecular Formula | C15H21N3O2 |
Molecular Weight | 275.3467 |
Optical Activity | UNSPECIFIED |
Defined Stereocenters | 2 / 2 |
E/Z Centers | 0 |
Charge | 0 |
SHOW SMILES / InChI
SMILES
C[C@@]12CCN(C)[C@]1([H])N(C)c3ccc(cc32)OC(=NC)O
InChI
InChIKey=PIJVFDBKTWXHHD-HIFRSBDPSA-N
InChI=1S/C15H21N3O2/c1-15-7-8-17(3)13(15)18(4)12-6-5-10(9-11(12)15)20-14(19)16-2/h5-6,9,13H,7-8H2,1-4H3,(H,16,19)/t13-,15+/m1/s1
Molecular Formula | C15H21N3O2 |
Molecular Weight | 275.3467 |
Charge | 0 |
Count |
|
Stereochemistry | ABSOLUTE |
Additional Stereochemistry | No |
Defined Stereocenters | 2 / 2 |
E/Z Centers | 0 |
Optical Activity | UNSPECIFIED |
DescriptionSources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2676871
Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2676871
Physostigmine (Phy) is one of the oldest drug isolated from Calabar beans and successfully used for the treatment of glaucoma in 1864. Since then, it has been widely employed for various therapeutic purposes. Recently, it has gained prominence because of its clinical trials in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Physostigmine was used to treat glaucoma. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. Phy is also considered to be a potent prophylactic antidote for organophosphate poisoning. It is a reversible cholinesterase (ChE) inhibitor and has a short duration of action. For the last 50 years, numerous authors have shown that pretreatment with Phy would rapidly improve the incapacitating effects of organophosphate intoxication in various animal species. Phy carbamylates to a portion of ChE enzyme and thus protects the enzyme from binding with organophosphate, which are irreversible ChE inhibitors. The carbamylated ChE enzyme decarbamylates to free the enzyme for normal functioning. The rates of decarbamylation of butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) in plasma and ChE in brain and muscle are different and are related to the half-life of Phy in these tissues. In addition to ChE inhibition, Phy has a direct action on acetylcholine (ACh) receptor ionophore complex by interacting with the ACh-gated cation channels. A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.
CNS Activity
Approval Year
Targets
Primary Target | Pharmacology | Condition | Potency |
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Target ID: CHEMBL220 Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1954303 |
Conditions
Condition | Modality | Targets | Highest Phase | Product |
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Palliative | Unknown Approved UseUnknown |
PubMed
Title | Date | PubMed |
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Physostigmine salicylate in the treatment of tricyclic antidepressant overdosage. | 1975 Mar 3 |
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On the anticataleptic action of cyproheptadine. | 1976 Aug |
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Evidence for a direct cholinergic involvement in the scopolamine-induced amnesia in monkeys: effects of concurrent administration of physostigmine and methylphenidate with scopolamine. | 1978 Dec |
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Donepezil hydrochloride: a treatment drug for Alzheimer's disease. | 2001 |
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Influence of nitric oxide donors and of the alpha(2)-agonist UK-14,304 on acetylcholine release in the pig gastric fundus. | 2001 |
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Action of tacrine on muscarinic receptors in rat intestinal smooth muscle. | 2001 Apr |
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Compensatory mechanisms enhance hippocampal acetylcholine release in transgenic mice expressing human acetylcholinesterase. | 2001 Apr |
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Endogenous acetylcholine facilitates epileptogenesis in immature rat neocortex. | 2001 Apr 13 |
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[Anticholinergic syndrome after postoperative dimenhydrinate administration]. | 2001 Dec |
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Stimulation of minor salivary glands by intraoral treatment with the cholinesterase inhibitor physostigmine in man. | 2001 Dec |
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Acetylcholinesterase blockade does not account for the adverse cardiovascular effects of the antitumor drug irinotecan: a preclinical study. | 2001 Dec 1 |
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Functional relationship between subfornical organ cholinergic stimulation and cellular activation in the hypothalamus and AV3V region. | 2001 Dec 20 |
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Quantitative measurement of cerebral acetylcholinesterase using. | 2001 Feb |
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Plasma catecholamine and cardiovascular responses to physostigmine in Alzheimer's disease and aging. | 2001 Feb |
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Chronic intracerebroventricular exposure to beta-amyloid(1-40) impairs object recognition but does not affect spontaneous locomotor activity or sensorimotor gating in the rat. | 2001 Jan |
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Characterization of a novel mechanism accounting for the adverse cholinergic effects of the anticancer drug irinotecan. | 2001 Jan |
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Sexual diergism in rat hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis responses to cholinergic stimulation and antagonism. | 2001 Jan 1 |
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Aldrin-induced locomotor activity: possible involvement of the central GABAergic-cholinergic-dopaminergic interaction. | 2001 Jan-Feb |
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The effect of betahistine on vestibular habituation: comparison of rotatory and sway habituation training. | 2001 Jul |
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Oxidative and hydrolytic properties of beta-amyloid. | 2001 Jun |
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Central and peripheral activity of cholinesterase inhibitors as revealed by yawning and fasciculation in rats. | 2001 Mar |
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[Sensory reactions of hippocampal neurons in rabbit during functional suppression of theta rythm- controlling structures]. | 2001 Mar-Apr |
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Inhibition of purified pig and human liver retinyl ester hydrolase by pharmacologic agents. | 2001 May |
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Subchronic administration of various pretreatments of nerve agent poisoning. I. Protection of blood and central cholinesterases, innocuousness towards blood-brain barrier permeability. | 2001 May |
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Factors that determine acetylcholine responsiveness of guinea pig tracheal tubes. | 2001 May 25 |
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Estradiol decreases the acetylcholine-elicited airway reactivity in ovariectomized rats through an increase in epithelial acetylcholinesterase activity. | 2001 Nov 15 |
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Infusions of physostigmine into the hippocampus or the entorhinal cortex attenuate avoidance retention deficits produced by intra-septal infusions of the GABA agonist muscimol. | 2001 Nov 30 |
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The esterase-like activity of serum albumin may be due to cholinesterase contamination. | 2001 Oct |
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The combined effects of pyridostigmine and chronic stress on brain cortical and blood acetylcholinesterase, corticosterone, prolactin and alternation performance in rats. | 2001 Oct-Nov |
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Physostigmine as treatment for severe CNS anticholinergic toxicity. | 2001 Sep |
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The use of carbamates, atropine, and 2-pyridine aldoxime methoiodide in the protection of Artemia salina against poisoning by carbophenothion. | 2001 Sep |
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Acetylcholine mediates the estrogen-induced increase in NMDA receptor binding in CA1 of the hippocampus and the associated improvement in working memory. | 2001 Sep 1 |
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Doxepin-induced torsade de pointes tachycardia. | 2001 Sep 4 |
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Selective activity of butyrylcholinesterase in serum by a chemiluminescent assay. | 2001 Sep-Oct |
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Eptastigmine: ten years of pharmacology, toxicology, pharmacokinetic, and clinical studies. | 2001 Winter |
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Donepezil for Alzheimer's disease: pharmacodynamic, pharmacokinetic, and clinical profiles. | 2001 Winter |
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Efficient formal total synthesis of physostigmine and physovenine: conformational analysis of key intermediates. | 2002 Feb |
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Mechanism of vascular relaxation by cholinomimetic drugs with special reference to pilocarpine and arecoline. | 2002 Feb |
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Physostigmine, sodium bicarbonate, or hypertonic saline to treat diphenhydramine toxicity. | 2002 Feb |
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Heterogeneity of release-inhibiting muscarinic autoreceptors in heart atria and urinary bladder: a study with M(2)- and M(4)-receptor-deficient mice. | 2002 Feb |
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Biochemical analysis of a native and proteolytic fragment of a high-molecular-weight thermostable lipase from a mesophilic Bacillus sp. | 2002 Feb |
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Pharmacological properties of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in isolated Locusta migratoria neurones. | 2002 Feb 15 |
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Presynaptic modulation of cholinergic neurotransmission in the human proximal stomach. | 2002 Jan |
|
A novel class of peptides with facilitating action on neuronal nicotinic receptors of rat chromaffin cells in vitro: functional and molecular dynamics studies. | 2002 Jan |
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In vitro effects of organophosphorus anticholinesterases on muscarinic receptor-mediated inhibition of acetylcholine release in rat striatum. | 2002 Jan 15 |
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Central anticholinergics to treat nerve-agent poisoning. | 2002 Jan 19 |
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Physostigmine does not antagonize sevoflurane anesthesia assessed by bispectral index or enhances recovery. | 2002 Mar |
Sample Use Guides
For glaucoma:
Adults and children—Use in each eye one to three times a day.
Route of Administration:
Other
In Vitro Use Guide
Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27378362
The increased number of BrdU- and proliferating cell nuclear antigen-labeled cells were shown in zebrafish treated with 200 μM physostigmine, which was inhibited by pretreatment with 200 μM scopolamine. iNOS mRNA expression was increased in the brain of zebrafish treated with 200 μM physostigmine. Consistently, aminoguanidine, an iNOS inhibitor, attenuated the increase in the number of BrdU-labeled cells by physostigmine treatment. Zebrafish also showed seizure-like locomotor activity characterized by a rapid and abrupt movement during a 30 min treatment with 200 μM physostigmine. Neural activity in response to an electrical stimulus was increased in the isolated telencephalon of zebrafish continuously perfused with 200 μM physostigmine.
Substance Class |
Chemical
Created
by
admin
on
Edited
Sat Jun 26 05:51:39 UTC 2021
by
admin
on
Sat Jun 26 05:51:39 UTC 2021
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Record UNII |
9U1VM840SP
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Record Status |
Validated (UNII)
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Record Version |
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Classification Tree | Code System | Code | ||
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WHO-VATC |
QS01EB05
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WHO-ATC |
S01EB05
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NCI_THESAURUS |
C47792
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WHO-VATC |
QA03FA90
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WHO-VATC |
QA03AX90
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WHO-VATC |
QV03AB19
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LIVERTOX |
776
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WHO-ATC |
V03AB19
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Code System | Code | Type | Description | ||
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3161
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PRIMARY | |||
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9U1VM840SP
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57-47-6
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57-47-6
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PRIMARY | |||
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D010830
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PRIMARY | |||
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6598
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PRIMARY | |||
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Physostigmine
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2159
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CHEMBL94
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PRIMARY | |||
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M8766
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PRIMARY | Merck Index | ||
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5983
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PRIMARY | |||
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PHYSOSTIGMINE
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200-332-8
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8299
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DB00981
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SUB14864MIG
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C81337
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PRIMARY |
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SALT/SOLVATE -> PARENT |
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ACTIVE MOIETY |