It is known that Vitamin E, traditionally known as α¬ tocopherol, is a mixture of eight different compounds, four tocopherols and four tocotrienols, each one being designated as α, β, γ and δ forms. The two groups differ in the hydrophobic tridecyl side chain which is saturated (phytyl) in tocopherols and unsaturated having three double bonds (geranyl) in tocotrienols. During the last few years, it has been found that all the eight forms are biologically active and perform specific functions. Clinical research has shown that mixture of tocotrienols and tocopherols offer synergistic protective action against heart ailments and cancer that is not exclusively offered by α¬tocopherol. The other advantage of mixed tocopherols and tocotrienols is their role in slowing down aging. Diseases like diabetes 1 and 2, autoimmune diseases, bacterial and viral infections, Alzheimer disease, fungal (Candida) infections are prevented by these compounds. It helps in the maintenance of bones, muscles, eyes (vision), memory, sleep, lungs, infertility, skin and wrinkles. Although all forms of Vitamin E exhibit antioxidant activity, it is known that the antioxidant activity of vitamin E is not sufficient to explain the vitamin's biological activity. Vitamin E's anti-atherogenic activity involves the inhibition of the oxidation of LDL and the accumulation of oxLDL in the arterial wall. Vitamin E's antithrombotic and anticoagulant activities involves the downregulation of the expression of intracellular cell adhesion molecule(ICAM)-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule(VCAM)-1 that lowers the adhesion of blood components to the endothelium. Its antioxidant effects explain the neuroprotective effects of vitamin E. The immunomodulatory effects of Vitamin E have been demonstrated in vitro, where alpha-tocopherol increases mitogenic response of T lymphocytes from aged mice. The mechanism of this response by vitamin E is not well understood, however it has been suggested that vitamin E itself may have mitogenic activity independent of its antioxidant activity. The mechanism of action of vitamin E's antiviral effects (primarily against HIV-1) involves its antioxidant activity. Vitamin E reduces oxidative stress, which is thought to contribute to HIV-1 pathogenesis, as well as to the pathogenesis of other viral infections. Vitamin E also affects membrane integrity and fluidity and, since HIV-1 is a membraned virus, altering membrane fluidity of HIV-1 may interfere with its ability to bind to cell-receptor sites, thus decreasing its infectivity.
Originator
Approval Year
Targets
Primary Target | Pharmacology | Condition | Potency |
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Target ID: O94759 Gene ID: 7226.0 Gene Symbol: TRPM2 Target Organism: Homo sapiens (Human) Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23943124 |
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Target ID: P14174 Gene ID: 4282.0 Gene Symbol: MIF Target Organism: Homo sapiens (Human) Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22281490 |
Conditions
Condition | Modality | Targets | Highest Phase | Product |
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Inactive ingredient | REVERSE IT KIT Approved UseSUNSCREEN Launch Date2014 |
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Palliative | M.V.I. PEDIATRIC Approved UseThis formulation is indicated as daily multivitamin maintenance dosage for infants and children up to 11 years of age receiving parenteral nutrition. It is also indicated in other situations where administration by the intravenous route is required. Such situations include surgery, extensive burns, fractures and other trauma, severe infectious diseases, and comatose states, which may provoke a “stress” situation with profound alterations in the body’s metabolic demands and consequent tissue depletion of nutrients. The physician should not await the development of clinical signs of vitamin deficiency before initiating vitamin therapy. M.V.I. Pediatric (reconstituted and administered in intravenous fluids under proper dilution) contributes intake of these necessary vitamins toward maintaining the body’s normal resistance and repair processes. Patients with multiple vitamin deficiencies or with markedly increased requirements may be given multiples of the daily dosage for two or more days as indicated by the clinical status. Blood vitamin concentrations should be monitored to ensure maintenance of adequate levels, particularly in patients receiving parenteral multivitamins as their sole source of vitamins for long periods of time. Launch Date2000 |
PubMed
Title | Date | PubMed |
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Electrophysiologic recovery after vitamin E-deficient neuropathy. | 1999 Aug |
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Nitric oxide synthase expression in the course of lead-induced hypertension. | 1999 Oct |
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Olanzapine-induced tardive dystonia. | 1999 Oct |
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CYP2E1-mediated oxidative stress induces collagen type I expression in rat hepatic stellate cells. | 1999 Oct |
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Steroid hormone activity of flavonoids and related compounds. | 2000 Jul |
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Regulation of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) in chronic experimental alcoholism: effects of vitamin E-supplemented and -deficient diets. | 2000 Mar-Apr |
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Selective involvement of reactive oxygen intermediates in platelet-activating factor-mediated activation of NF-kappaB. | 2000 Oct |
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Dietary patterns, nutrient intake and gastric cancer in a high-risk area of Italy. | 2001 Feb |
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Vitamin E administration and reversal of neurological deficits in protein-energy malnutrition. | 2001 Feb |
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Serum concentrations of carotenoids and vitamins A, E, and C in control subjects from five European countries. | 2001 Feb |
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Normobaric hyperoxic stress in budgerigars: non-enzymic antioxidants. | 2001 Feb |
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A comparison of the kinetics of low-density lipoprotein oxidation induced by copper or by gamma-rays: influence of radiation dose-rate and copper concentration. | 2001 Feb |
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Protective effect of fluvastatin on degradation of apolipoprotein B by a radical reaction in human plasma. | 2001 Feb |
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Soluble adhesion molecules, endothelial function and vitamin E in type 1 diabetes. | 2001 Feb |
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Hyperlipidemia and reproductive failure in captive-reared alligators: vitamin E, vitamin A, plasma lipids, fatty acids, and steroid hormones. | 2001 Feb |
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Suppression of lipid peroxidation in adrenal microsomes following ACTH administration to guinea pigs. | 2001 Feb |
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Ex vivo low-density lipoprotein oxidizability and in vivo lipid peroxidation in patients on CAPD. | 2001 Feb |
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Enhanced oxidative susceptibility and reduced antioxidant content of metabolic precursors of small, dense low-density lipoproteins. | 2001 Feb 1 |
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Quantitative analysis by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry of deuterium-labeled and unlabeled vitamin E in biological samples. | 2001 Feb 1 |
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Regulation of heme oxygenase activity in rat liver during oxidative stress induced by cobalt chloride and mercury chloride. | 2001 Jan |
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Cacao liquor polyphenols reduce oxidative stress without maintaining alpha-tocopherol levels in rats fed a vitamin E-deficient diet. | 2001 Jan |
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Scavenger receptor class B, type I is expressed in porcine brain capillary endothelial cells and contributes to selective uptake of HDL-associated vitamin E. | 2001 Jan |
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Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of alpha-, gamma- and delta-tocotrienols under different food status. | 2001 Jan |
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Hypomethylation of p53 in peripheral blood DNA is associated with the development of lung cancer. | 2001 Jan |
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Intravenous infusion of iron and tetrahydrofolate does not influence intrauterine uteroferrin and secreted folate-binding protein content in swine. | 2001 Jan |
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Validation of an HPLC method for the determination of urinary and plasma levels of N1-methylnicotinamide, an endogenous marker of renal cationic transport and plasma flow. | 2001 Jan |
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Effects of alpha-tocopherol on cisplatin-induced ototoxicity in guinea pigs. | 2001 Jan |
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Effects of long-term alpha-tocopherol supplementation on serum hormones in older men. | 2001 Jan 1 |
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Diazepam submicron emulsions containing soya-bean oil and intended for oral or rectal delivery. | 2001 Mar |
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Impaired arachidonic (20:4n-6) and docosahexaenoic (22:6n-3) acid synthesis by phenylalanine metabolites as etiological factors in the neuropathology of phenylketonuria. | 2001 Mar |
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Fiberoptic and conventional phototherapy effects on the skin of premature infants. | 2001 Mar |
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alpha-Tocopherol/lipid ratio in blood is decreased in patients with Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy and asymptomatic carriers of the 11778 mtDNA mutation. | 2001 Mar |
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Antioxidants enhance the susceptibility of colon carcinoma cells to 5-fluorouracil by augmenting the induction of the bax protein. | 2001 Mar 10 |
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No reduction of alpha-tocopherol quinone by glutathione in rat liver microsomes. | 2001 Mar 15 |
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Growth reduction in glioma cells after treatment with tetradecylthioacetic acid: changes in fatty acid metabolism and oxidative status. | 2001 Mar 15 |
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t-Butyl hydroperoxide and oxidized low density lipoprotein enhance phospholipid hydrolysis in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated retinal pericytes. | 2001 Mar 30 |
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Effect of phytoestrogen and antioxidant supplementation on oxidative DNA damage assessed using the comet assay. | 2001 Mar 7 |
Patents
Sample Use Guides
For vitamin E deficiency: a typical dose in adults is RRR-alpha tocopherol (natural vitamin E) 60-75 IU per day.
For the movement disorder called tardive dyskinesia: RRR-alpha-tocopherol (natural vitamin E) 1600 IU daily.
For improving male fertility: vitamin E 200-600 IU daily.
For Alzheimer's disease: up to 2000 IU daily. Combination therapy of donepezil (Aricept) 5 mg and vitamin E 1000 IU per day has been used for slowing memory decline in people with Alzheimer's disease.
For liver disease called non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: 800 IU daily in adults has been used; 400-1200 IU daily has been used in children.
For early Huntington's chorea: RRR-alpha-tocopherol (natural vitamin E) 3000 IU.
For rheumatoid arthritis pain: vitamin E 600 IU twice daily.
For preventing nerve damage caused by cisplatin: vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) 300 mg daily with each chemotherapy treatment and for up to 3 months after stopping cisplatin therapy.
For improving effectiveness of nitrates used for heart disease: vitamin E 200 mg three times daily.
Route of Administration:
Oral
In Vitro Use Guide
Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28326458
Curator's Comment: In RAW264.7 cells, vitamin E-rich nanoemulsion significantly enhanced the secretion of Th1 cytokines and down-regulated the secretion of Th2 cytokine. In a co-culture system, vitamin E-rich nanoemulsion induced a high apoptosis rate in MDA-MB-231 cells as compared with vitamin E-low nanoemulsion.
Unknown
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Mixture
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