Details
| Stereochemistry | ABSOLUTE |
| Molecular Formula | C47H51NO14 |
| Molecular Weight | 853.9061 |
| Optical Activity | UNSPECIFIED |
| Defined Stereocenters | 11 / 11 |
| E/Z Centers | 0 |
| Charge | 0 |
SHOW SMILES / InChI
SMILES
CC(=O)O[C@@H]1C2=C(C)[C@H](C[C@@](O)([C@@H](OC(=O)C3=CC=CC=C3)[C@@H]4[C@@]5(CO[C@@H]5C[C@H](O)[C@@]4(C)C1=O)OC(C)=O)C2(C)C)OC(=O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](NC(=O)C6=CC=CC=C6)C7=CC=CC=C7
InChI
InChIKey=RCINICONZNJXQF-MZXODVADSA-N
InChI=1S/C47H51NO14/c1-25-31(60-43(56)36(52)35(28-16-10-7-11-17-28)48-41(54)29-18-12-8-13-19-29)23-47(57)40(61-42(55)30-20-14-9-15-21-30)38-45(6,32(51)22-33-46(38,24-58-33)62-27(3)50)39(53)37(59-26(2)49)34(25)44(47,4)5/h7-21,31-33,35-38,40,51-52,57H,22-24H2,1-6H3,(H,48,54)/t31-,32-,33+,35-,36+,37+,38-,40-,45+,46-,47+/m0/s1
| Molecular Formula | C47H51NO14 |
| Molecular Weight | 853.9061 |
| Charge | 0 |
| Count |
|
| Stereochemistry | ABSOLUTE |
| Additional Stereochemistry | No |
| Defined Stereocenters | 11 / 11 |
| E/Z Centers | 0 |
| Optical Activity | UNSPECIFIED |
DescriptionSources: http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01229Curator's Comment: Description was created based on several sources, including http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2011/020262s049lbl.pdf and https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18068131
Sources: http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01229
Curator's Comment: Description was created based on several sources, including http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2011/020262s049lbl.pdf and https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18068131
Paclitaxel is a mitotic inhibitor used in cancer chemotherapy. It was discovered in a US National Cancer Institute program at the Research Triangle Institute in 1967 when Monroe E. Wall and Mansukh C. Wani isolated it from the bark of the Pacific yew tree, Taxus brevifolia and named it taxol. Later it was discovered that endophytic fungi in the bark synthesize paclitaxel. When it was developed commercially by Bristol-Myers Squibb (BMS), the generic name was changed to paclitaxel and the BMS compound is sold under the trademark Taxol. In this formulation, paclitaxel is dissolved in Kolliphor EL and ethanol, as a delivery agent. Taxol is marketed for the treatment of Breast cancer; Gastric cancer; Kaposi's sarcoma; Non-small cell lung cancer; Ovarian cancer. A newer formulation, in which paclitaxel is bound to albumin, is sold under the trademark Abraxane. Paclitaxel is a taxoid antineoplastic agent indicated as first-line and subsequent therapy for the treatment of advanced carcinoma of the ovary, and other various cancers including breast cancer. Paclitaxel is a novel antimicrotubule agent that promotes the assembly of microtubules from tubulin dimers and stabilizes microtubules by preventing depolymerization. This stability results in the inhibition of the normal dynamic reorganization of the microtubule network that is essential for vital interphase and mitotic cellular functions. In addition, paclitaxel induces abnormal arrays or "bundles" of microtubules throughout the cell cycle and multiple asters of microtubules during mitosis. Used in the treatment of Kaposi's sarcoma and cancer of the lung, ovarian, and breast. Abraxane® is specfically indicated for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer and locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer. Paclitaxel interferes with the normal function of microtubule growth. Whereas drugs like colchicine cause the depolymerization of microtubules in vivo, paclitaxel arrests their function by having the opposite effect; it hyper-stabilizes their structure. This destroys the cell's ability to use its cytoskeleton in a flexible manner. Specifically, paclitaxel binds to the β subunit of tubulin. Tubulin is the "building block" of mictotubules, and the binding of paclitaxel locks these building blocks in place. The resulting microtubule/paclitaxel complex does not have the ability to disassemble. This adversely affects cell function because the shortening and lengthening of microtubules (termed dynamic instability) is necessary for their function as a transportation highway for the cell. Chromosomes, for example, rely upon this property of microtubules during mitosis. Further research has indicated that paclitaxel induces programmed cell death (apoptosis) in cancer cells by binding to an apoptosis stopping protein called Bcl-2 (B-cell leukemia 2) and thus arresting its function.
CNS Activity
Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12056715
Curator's Comment: No or negligible penetration of paclitaxel over an intact blood– brain barrier
Originator
Approval Year
Targets
| Primary Target | Pharmacology | Condition | Potency |
|---|---|---|---|
Target ID: HeLa cell growth Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27095936 |
7.08 µM [IC50] | ||
Target ID: SKOV3 breast cancer cell growth Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27599579 |
38.7 nM [IC50] | ||
Target ID: GO:0046785 Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8555181 |
23.0 µM [EC50] | ||
Target ID: CHEMBL1915 Sources: http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01229 |
|||
Target ID: CHEMBL4860 Sources: http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01229 |
Conditions
| Condition | Modality | Targets | Highest Phase | Product |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | TAXOL Approved UseTAXOL is indicated as first-line and subsequent therapy for the treatment of advanced carcinoma of the ovary. Launch Date1998 |
|||
| Primary | TAXOL Approved UseTAXOL is indicated for the treatment of breast cancer after failure of combination chemotherapy for metastatic disease or relapse within 6 months of adjuvant chemotherapy. Launch Date1998 |
|||
| Primary | TAXOL Approved UseTAXOL, in combination with cisplatin, is indicated for the first-line treatment of nonsmall cell lung cancer in patients who are not candidates for potentially curative surgery and/or radiation therapy. Launch Date1998 |
Cmax
| Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
0.5 μM EXPERIMENT https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7799018 |
175 mg/m² steady-state, intravenous dose: 175 mg/m² route of administration: Intravenous experiment type: STEADY-STATE co-administered: |
PACLITAXEL plasma | Homo sapiens population: UNKNOWN age: ADULT sex: FEMALE food status: UNKNOWN |
|
6.92 μM EXPERIMENT https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8664192 |
250 mg/m² steady-state, intravenous dose: 250 mg/m² route of administration: Intravenous experiment type: STEADY-STATE co-administered: |
PACLITAXEL plasma | Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: UNKNOWN |
AUC
| Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
27.07 μM × h EXPERIMENT https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8664192 |
250 mg/m² steady-state, intravenous dose: 250 mg/m² route of administration: Intravenous experiment type: STEADY-STATE co-administered: |
PACLITAXEL plasma | Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: UNKNOWN |
T1/2
| Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
14.8 h EXPERIMENT https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7799018 |
175 mg/m² steady-state, intravenous dose: 175 mg/m² route of administration: Intravenous experiment type: STEADY-STATE co-administered: |
PACLITAXEL plasma | Homo sapiens population: UNKNOWN age: ADULT sex: FEMALE food status: UNKNOWN |
Funbound
| Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
6.5% |
PACLITAXEL plasma | Homo sapiens population: UNKNOWN age: UNKNOWN sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN |
Doses
| Dose | Population | Adverse events |
|---|---|---|
135 mg/m2 1 times / 3 weeks multiple, intravenous Recommended Dose: 135 mg/m2, 1 times / 3 weeks Route: intravenous Route: multiple Dose: 135 mg/m2, 1 times / 3 weeks Sources: |
unhealthy, adult Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: adult Sources: |
Other AEs: Anaphylaxis, Dyspnea... Other AEs: Anaphylaxis (2%) Sources: Dyspnea (severe, 2%) Hypotension (severe, 2%) Generalized urticaria (severe, 2%) Angioedema (severe, 2%) |
AEs
| AE | Significance | Dose | Population |
|---|---|---|---|
| Anaphylaxis | 2% | 135 mg/m2 1 times / 3 weeks multiple, intravenous Recommended Dose: 135 mg/m2, 1 times / 3 weeks Route: intravenous Route: multiple Dose: 135 mg/m2, 1 times / 3 weeks Sources: |
unhealthy, adult Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: adult Sources: |
| Angioedema | severe, 2% | 135 mg/m2 1 times / 3 weeks multiple, intravenous Recommended Dose: 135 mg/m2, 1 times / 3 weeks Route: intravenous Route: multiple Dose: 135 mg/m2, 1 times / 3 weeks Sources: |
unhealthy, adult Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: adult Sources: |
| Dyspnea | severe, 2% | 135 mg/m2 1 times / 3 weeks multiple, intravenous Recommended Dose: 135 mg/m2, 1 times / 3 weeks Route: intravenous Route: multiple Dose: 135 mg/m2, 1 times / 3 weeks Sources: |
unhealthy, adult Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: adult Sources: |
| Generalized urticaria | severe, 2% | 135 mg/m2 1 times / 3 weeks multiple, intravenous Recommended Dose: 135 mg/m2, 1 times / 3 weeks Route: intravenous Route: multiple Dose: 135 mg/m2, 1 times / 3 weeks Sources: |
unhealthy, adult Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: adult Sources: |
| Hypotension | severe, 2% | 135 mg/m2 1 times / 3 weeks multiple, intravenous Recommended Dose: 135 mg/m2, 1 times / 3 weeks Route: intravenous Route: multiple Dose: 135 mg/m2, 1 times / 3 weeks Sources: |
unhealthy, adult Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: adult Sources: |
Overview
| CYP3A4 | CYP2C9 | CYP2D6 | hERG |
|---|---|---|---|
OverviewOther
| Other Inhibitor | Other Substrate | Other Inducer |
|---|---|---|
Drug as perpetrator
| Target | Modality | Activity | Metabolite | Clinical evidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Sources: https://www.jci.org/articles/view/15451 Page: - |
no |
Drug as victim
| Target | Modality | Activity | Metabolite | Clinical evidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2005/21660_ABRAXANE_biopharmr.PDF#page=20 Page: 20.0 |
major | |||
Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2005/21660_ABRAXANE_biopharmr.PDF#page=20 Page: 20.0 |
minor | |||
Page: - |
no | |||
Page: - |
yes [Km 6.79 uM] | |||
Page: - |
yes | |||
Sources: https://www.nature.com/articles/tpj201013 Page: - |
yes | |||
Sources: https://www.jci.org/articles/view/96160 Page: - |
yes | |||
Page: - |
yes |
PubMed
| Title | Date | PubMed |
|---|---|---|
| Regulation of stress-responsive mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathways by TAO2. | 2001-05-11 |
|
| P-glycoprotein efflux pump expression and activity in Calu-3 cells. | 2001-05 |
|
| Taxol-induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis: dose-response relationship in lung cancer cells of different wild-type p53 status and under isogenic condition. | 2001-04-26 |
|
| Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma ligands suppress the transcriptional activation of cyclooxygenase-2. Evidence for involvement of activator protein-1 and CREB-binding protein/p300. | 2001-04-13 |
|
| Regulation of BRCA1 and BRCA2 transcript in response to cisplatin, adriamycin, taxol and ionising radiation is correlated to p53 functional status in ovarian cancer cell lines. | 2001-04-11 |
|
| Regional drug delivery with radiation for the treatment of Ewing's sarcoma. In vitro development of a taxol release system. | 2001-04-02 |
|
| Connexin 43 (cx43) enhances chemotherapy-induced apoptosis in human glioblastoma cells. | 2001-04-01 |
|
| High affinity binding of paclitaxel to human serum albumin. | 2001-04 |
|
| Management of recurrent juvenile granulosa cell tumor of the ovary. | 2001-04 |
|
| Recurrent metastatic fallopian tube carcinoma in pregnancy. | 2001-04 |
|
| HPV16-E6 enhances mitoxantrone sensitivity in a human ovarian cancer line: an isolated instance or a trend? | 2001-04 |
|
| Cell cycle-related changes in regulatory volume decrease and volume-sensitive chloride conductance in mouse fibroblasts. | 2001-04 |
|
| A paclitaxel-containing chemotherapy does not cause central nervous adverse effects: a prospective study in patients with ovarian cancer. | 2001-03-28 |
|
| Paclitaxel restores radiation-induced apoptosis in a bcl-2-expressing, radiation-resistant lymphoma cell line. | 2001-03-15 |
|
| Effects of emulsifiers on the controlled release of paclitaxel (Taxol) from nanospheres of biodegradable polymers. | 2001-03-12 |
|
| Phase II trial of paclitaxel and carboplatin in metastatic small-cell lung cancer: a Groupe Français de Pneumo-Cancérologie study. | 2001-03-01 |
|
| Activation of caspase-8 in drug-induced apoptosis of B-lymphoid cells is independent of CD95/Fas receptor-ligand interaction and occurs downstream of caspase-3. | 2001-03-01 |
|
| Paclitaxel sensitization of multidrug-resistant cells to chemotherapy is independent of the cell cycle. | 2001-03-01 |
|
| The role of actin filaments and microtubules in hepatocyte spheroid self-assembly. | 2001-03 |
|
| Dynamic events are differently mediated by microfilaments, microtubules, and mitogen-activated protein kinase during porcine oocyte maturation and fertilization in vitro. | 2001-03 |
|
| Effects of stathmin inhibition on the mitotic spindle. | 2001-03 |
|
| Insulin-like growth factor-I receptor antagonism results in increased cytotoxicity of breast cancer cells to doxorubicin and taxol. | 2001-02-22 |
|
| Inhibition of telomerase activity as a measure of tumor cell killing by cisplatin in squamous cell carcinoma cell line. | 2001-02-15 |
|
| Enhanced taxol production and release in Taxus chinensis cell suspension cultures with selected organic solvents and sucrose feeding. | 2001-02-15 |
|
| Phase I study of paclitaxel (Taxol) plus vinorelbine (Navelbine) in patients with untreated stage IIIb and IV non-small cell lung cancer. | 2001-02-13 |
|
| Cisplatin and vinorelbine as second-line chemotherapy in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) resistant to taxol plus gemcitabine. | 2001-02-13 |
|
| Study of multi-drug resistant mechanisms in a taxol-resistant hepatocellular carcinoma QGY-TR 50 cell line. | 2001-02-09 |
|
| Biweekly gemcitabine, doxorubicin, and paclitaxel as first-line treatment in metastatic breast cancer. Final results from a phase II trial. | 2001-02 |
|
| Gemcitabine, paclitaxel, and trastuzumab in metastatic breast cancer. | 2001-02 |
|
| Gemcitabine plus cisplatin in breast cancer. | 2001-02 |
|
| Phytochemistry and medicinal plants. | 2001-02 |
|
| Membrane macrophage colony-stimulating factor on MADB106 breast cancer cells does not activate cytotoxic macrophages but immunizes rats against breast cancer. | 2001-02 |
|
| Isolation of cortical MTs from tobacco BY-2 cells. | 2001-02 |
|
| Selective drug resistant human osteosarcoma cell lines. | 2001-02 |
|
| Changes in glycosylation during Drosophila development. The influence of ecdysone on hemomucin isoforms. | 2001-02 |
|
| Disruption of microtubular cytoskeleton induced by cryptogein, an elicitor of hypersensitive response in tobacco cells. | 2001-02 |
|
| Involvement of Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-directed, caspase-mediated mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 Cleavage, c-Jun N-terminal kinase activation, and subsequent Bcl-2 phosphorylation for paclitaxel-induced apoptosis in HL-60 cells. | 2001-02 |
|
| Stimulation of taxol production and excretion in Taxus spp cell cultures by rare earth chemical lanthanum. | 2001-01-23 |
|
| Pretreatment with paclitaxel enhances apo-2 ligand/tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand-induced apoptosis of prostate cancer cells by inducing death receptors 4 and 5 protein levels. | 2001-01-15 |
|
| Taxane-antibody conjugates afford potent cytotoxicity, enhanced solubility, and tumor target selectivity. | 2001-01-15 |
|
| Antitumor synergy of CV787, a prostate cancer-specific adenovirus, and paclitaxel and docetaxel. | 2001-01-15 |
|
| Increased p53 phosphorylation after microtubule disruption is mediated in a microtubule inhibitor- and cell-specific manner. | 2001-01-04 |
|
| Treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer in North America: the emerging role of irinotecan. | 2001-01 |
|
| Neurotoxicity associated with a regimen of carboplatin (AUC 5-6) and paclitaxel (175 mg/m2 over 3 h) employed in the treatment of gynecologic malignancies. | 2001-01 |
|
| Tumor cell-derived TGF-beta and IL-10 dysregulate paclitaxel-induced macrophage activation. | 2001-01 |
|
| Colchicine and griseofulvin inhibit VCAM-1 expression on human vascular endothelial cells - evidence for the association of VCAM-1 expression with microtubules. | 2001-01 |
|
| Doxorubicin and paclitaxel in the treatment of advanced breast cancer: efficacy and cardiac considerations. | 2001 |
|
| The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of high-dose paclitaxel monotherapy (825 mg/m2 continuous infusion over 24 h) with hematopoietic support in women with metastatic breast cancer. | 2001 |
|
| Drug approval summaries: arsenic trioxide, tamoxifen citrate, anastrazole, paclitaxel, bexarotene. | 2001 |
|
| Phase II clinical trials of cisplatin-then-paclitaxel and paclitaxel-then-cisplatin in patients with previously untreated advanced epithelial ovarian cancer. | 2000-12 |
Patents
Sample Use Guides
For previously untreated patients with carcinoma of the ovary, one of the following recommended regimens may be given every 3 weeks.
a.TAXOL (PACLITAXEL) administered intravenously over 3 hours at a dose of 175 mg/m2 followed by cisplatin at a dose of 75 mg/m2; or
b.TAXOL (PACLITAXEL) administered intravenously over 24 hours at a dose of 135 mg/m2 followed by cisplatin at a dose of 75 mg/m2
2) In patients previously treated with chemotherapy for carcinoma of the ovary, the recommended regimen is TAXOL (PACLITAXEL) 135 mg/m2 or 175 mg/m2 administered intravenously over 3 hours every 3 weeks.
Route of Administration:
Intravenous
In Vitro Use Guide
Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27420038
Paclitaxel inhibited tubulin polymerization in the presence of MAPs in vitro with an IC50 value of 38.19 ± 3.33 uM in living cancer cells (Hela cells and human osteosarcoma U2OS cells).
| Substance Class |
Chemical
Created
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| Record UNII |
3PPC5TL76P
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| Record Status |
Validated (UNII)
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3PPC5TL76P
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300000053031
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