| Stereochemistry | ACHIRAL |
| Molecular Formula | C5H9N3.2ClH |
| Molecular Weight | 184.067 |
| Optical Activity | NONE |
| Defined Stereocenters | 0 / 0 |
| E/Z Centers | 0 |
| Charge | 0 |
SHOW SMILES / InChI
SMILES
Cl.Cl.NCCC1=CNC=N1
InChI
InChIKey=PPZMYIBUHIPZOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI=1S/C5H9N3.2ClH/c6-2-1-5-3-7-4-8-5;;/h3-4H,1-2,6H2,(H,7,8);2*1H
| Molecular Formula | C5H9N3 |
| Molecular Weight | 111.1451 |
| Charge | 0 |
| Count |
MOL RATIO
1 MOL RATIO (average) |
| Stereochemistry | ACHIRAL |
| Additional Stereochemistry | No |
| Defined Stereocenters | 0 / 0 |
| E/Z Centers | 0 |
| Optical Activity | NONE |
| Molecular Formula | ClH |
| Molecular Weight | 36.461 |
| Charge | 0 |
| Count |
MOL RATIO
2 MOL RATIO (average) |
| Stereochemistry | ACHIRAL |
| Additional Stereochemistry | No |
| Defined Stereocenters | 0 / 0 |
| E/Z Centers | 0 |
| Optical Activity | NONE |
Histamine is a depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and a centrally acting neurotransmitter. Phosphate salt of jistamine was used as a diagnostic aid for evaluation of gastric acid secretory function. In addition, this compound is used as a positive control in evaluation of allergenic (immediate hypersensitivity or "Type I") skin testing. In addition, histamine is being studied for treatment of multiple sclerosis. It was approved, that histamine physiological functions are mediated by four 7-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors (H1R, H2R, H3R, H4R) that are all targets of pharmacological intervention. The receptors display molecular heterogeneity and constitutive activity. H1R antagonists are long known antiallergic and sedating drugs, whereas the H2R led to the development of H2R-antagonists that revolutionized stomach ulcer treatment. The H3R is an auto receptor and heteroreceptor providing negative feedback on histaminergic and inhibition on other neurons. The H4R occurs on immuncompetent cells and the development of anti-inflammatory drugs is anticipated.
CNS Activity
Originator
Approval Year
Doses
Sourcing
Sample Use Guides
The skin in the test area should be cleansed with alcohol and air dried.
The histamine control skin test solution should be placed at the same site with the other skin test antigens, either on the patient's back or on the volar surface of the forearm. The patient should be placed in a comfortable position before the testing is begun.
For the prick test, a sharp needle is used to puncture the skin, but not to draw blood. If the scratch test is used, carefully break or scratch the skin with a sterile scarifier. Do not draw blood. Each scratch should be about 2 mm - 4 mm in length.
A small drop of the histamine base 1 mg/mL (Histamine Phosphate 2.75 mg/mL) is placed on the abraded skin site no closer than 4 or 5 cm from an adjacent test site. Some physicians prefer to place the solution on the test area and then prick through the drop with a sharp needle.
Route of Administration:
Parenteral
Histamine prevented monocytic apoptosis induced by serum deprivation, CD95/Fas ligation, or dexamethasone in a dose- and time-dependent fashion. The inhibitory effects of histamine on monocytic apoptosis were blocked by an H2R antagonist, and mimicked by an H2R agonist. Histamine also up-regulated the expression of Bcl-2 and Mcl-1, and inhibited the activation of caspase-3. The culture supernatants from histamine-treated monocytes inhibited monocytic apoptosis, which was partly reversed by the removal of IL-10. Monocytes cultured with anti-IL-10 mAb and histamine did not exhibit an inhibitory effect on apoptosis. The histamine-induced anti-apoptotic effect was attenuated when monocytes were cultured in the presence of a cAMP inhibitor.
