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Details

Stereochemistry RACEMIC
Molecular Formula C9H13N.C6H10O4
Molecular Weight 281.3474
Optical Activity ( + / - )
Defined Stereocenters 0 / 1
E/Z Centers 0
Charge 0

SHOW SMILES / InChI
Structure of AMPHETAMINE ADIPATE

SMILES

CC(N)CC1=CC=CC=C1.OC(=O)CCCCC(O)=O

InChI

InChIKey=OFCJKOOVFDGTLY-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI=1S/C9H13N.C6H10O4/c1-8(10)7-9-5-3-2-4-6-9;7-5(8)3-1-2-4-6(9)10/h2-6,8H,7,10H2,1H3;1-4H2,(H,7,8)(H,9,10)

HIDE SMILES / InChI

Description
Curator's Comment: description was created based on several sources, including https://www.caremark.com/portal/asset/FEP_Rationale_Amphetamine.pdf https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23539642 http://www.cesar.umd.edu/cesar/drugs/amphetamines.asp

Amphetamine is a potent central nervous system (CNS) stimulant that is used in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), narcolepsy, and obesity. Amphetamine was discovered in 1887 and exists as two enantiomers: levoamphetamine and dextroamphetamine. The mode of therapeutic action in ADHD is not known. Amphetamines are thought to block the reuptake of norepinephrine and dopamine into the presynaptic neuron and increase the release of these monoamines into the extraneuronal space. At higher dosages, they cause release of dopamine from the mesocorticolimbic system and the nigrostriatal dopamine systems. Amphetamine may also act as a direct agonist on central 5-HT receptors and may inhibit monoamine oxidase (MAO). In the periphery, amphetamines are believed to cause the release of noradrenaline by acting on the adrenergic nerve terminals and alpha- and beta-receptors. Modulation of serotonergic pathways may contribute to the calming affect. The drug interacts with VMAT enzymes to enhance release of DA and 5-HT from vesicles. It may also directly cause the reversal of DAT and SERT. Several currently prescribed amphetamine formulations contain both enantiomers, including Adderall, Dyanavel XR, and Evekeo, the last of which is racemic amphetamine sulfate. Amphetamine is also prescribed in enantiopure and prodrug form as dextroamphetamine and lisdexamfetamine respectively. Lisdexamfetamine is structurally different from amphetamine, and is inactive until it metabolizes into dextroamphetamine.

CNS Activity

Curator's Comment: Amphetamines readily cross the blood-brain barrier to reach their primary sites of action in the brain. The acute administration of amphetamine produces a wide range of dose-dependent behavioral changes, including increased arousal or wakefulness, anorexia, hyperactivity, perseverative movements, and, in particular, a state of pleasurable affect, elation, and euphoria, which can lead to the abuse of the drug.

Originator

Curator's Comment: Although a Japanese scientist called Mr. A Ogata, was the first to synthesize methamphetamine in 1919, it wasn’t until 1930 that it was realized that amphetamines raised the blood pressure. https://blackpoppymag.wordpress.com/substances/dexedrine-dexamphetamine/

Approval Year

TargetsConditions

Conditions

ConditionModalityTargetsHighest PhaseProduct
Primary
DYANAVEL XR

Approved Use

INDICATIONS Dextroamphetamine Saccharate, Amphetamine Aspartate, Dextroamphetamine Sulfate and Amphetamine Sulfate Tablets is indicated for the treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Narcolepsy. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) A diagnosis of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD; DSM-IV®) implies the presence of hyperactive-impulsive or inattentive symptoms that caused impairment and were present before age 7 years. The symptoms must cause clinically significant impairment, e.g., in social, academic, or occupational functioning, and be present in two or more settings, e.g., school (or work) and at home. The symptoms must not be better accounted for by another mental disorder. For the Inattentive Type, at least six of the following symptoms must have persisted for at least 6 months: lack of attention to details/careless mistakes; lack of sustained attention; poor listener; failure to follow through on tasks; poor organization; avoids tasks requiring sustained mental effort; loses things; easily distracted; forgetful. For the Hyperactive-Impulsive Type, at least six of the following symptoms must have persisted for at least 6 months: fidgeting/squirming; leaving seat; inappropriate running/climbing; difficulty with quiet activities; “on the go;” excessive talking; blurting answers; can't wait turn; intrusive. The Combined Type requires both inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive criteria to be met. Special Diagnostic Considerations: Specific etiology of this syndrome is unknown, and there is no single diagnostic test. Adequate diagnosis requires the use not only of medical but of special psychological, educational, and social resources. Learning may or may not be impaired. The diagnosis must be based upon a complete history and evaluation of the child and not solely on the presence of the required number of DSM-IV® characteristics. Need for Comprehensive Treatment Program: Dextroamphetamine Saccharate, Amphetamine Aspartate, Dextroamphetamine Sulfate and Amphetamine Sulfate Tablets is indicated as an integral part of a total treatment program for ADHD that may include other measures (psychological, educational, social) for patients with this syndrome. Drug treatment may not be indicated for all children with this syndrome. Stimulants are not intended for use in the child who exhibits symptoms secondary to environmental factors and/or other primary psychiatric disorders, including psychosis. Appropriate educational placement is essential and psychosocial intervention is often helpful. When remedial measures alone are insufficient, the decision to prescribe stimulant medication will depend upon the physician's assessment of the chronicity and severity of the child's symptoms. Long-Term Use: The effectiveness of Dextroamphetamine Saccharate, Amphetamine Aspartate, Dextroamphetamine Sulfate and Amphetamine Sulfate Tablets for long-term use has not been systematically evaluated in controlled trials. Therefore, the physician who elects to use Dextroamphetamine Saccharate, Amphetamine Aspartate, Dextroamphetamine Sulfate and Amphetamine Sulfate Tablets for extended periods should periodically re-evaluate the long-term usefulness of the drug for the individual patient.

Launch Date

2015
Cmax

Cmax

ValueDoseCo-administeredAnalytePopulation
120 ng/mL
40.3 mg single, oral
dose: 40.3 mg
route of administration: Oral
experiment type: SINGLE
co-administered:
AMPHETAMINE plasma
Homo sapiens
population: HEALTHY
age: ADULT
sex: FEMALE / MALE
food status: FASTED
AUC

AUC

ValueDoseCo-administeredAnalytePopulation
1727 ng × h/mL
40.3 mg single, oral
dose: 40.3 mg
route of administration: Oral
experiment type: SINGLE
co-administered:
AMPHETAMINE plasma
Homo sapiens
population: HEALTHY
age: ADULT
sex: FEMALE / MALE
food status: FASTED
T1/2

T1/2

ValueDoseCo-administeredAnalytePopulation
7.9 h
40.3 mg single, oral
dose: 40.3 mg
route of administration: Oral
experiment type: SINGLE
co-administered:
AMPHETAMINE plasma
Homo sapiens
population: HEALTHY
age: ADULT
sex: FEMALE / MALE
food status: FASTED
Overview

Overview

CYP3A4CYP2C9CYP2D6hERG

OverviewOther

Other InhibitorOther SubstrateOther Inducer







Drug as perpetrator​Drug as victim

Drug as victim

Sourcing

Sourcing

Vendor/AggregatorIDURL
PubMed

PubMed

TitleDatePubMed
The anticataleptic effect of 7-OH-DPAT: are dopamine D3 receptors involved?
1999
Atrioventricular nodal re-entrant tachycardia associated with stimulant treatment.
1999
RGS mRNA expression in rat striatum: modulation by dopamine receptors and effects of repeated amphetamine administration.
1999 Apr
Cocaine-seeking produced by experimenter-administered drug injections: dose-effect relationships in rats.
1999 Dec
Enantiomer-specific high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection of methamphetamines in abusers' hair and urine.
1999 Dec
Differential regional zif268 messenger RNA expression in an escalating dose/binge model of amphetamine-induced psychosis.
2000
A comparison of the patterns of striatal Fos-like immunoreactivity induced by various dopamine agonists in rats.
2000 Aug 4
Regulation of the human norepinephrine transporter by cocaine and amphetamine.
2000 Dec
Stimulant psychosis: symptom profile and acute clinical course.
2000 Winter
SB-243213; a selective 5-HT2C receptor inverse agonist with improved anxiolytic profile: lack of tolerance and withdrawal anxiety.
2001 Aug
Stability of Adderall in extemporaneously compounded oral liquids.
2001 Aug 1
Developmental aspects of psychostimulant treatment in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
2001 Dec
Role of hypothalamic neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the change of feeding behavior induced by repeated treatment of amphetamine.
2001 Dec 7
Placebo-controlled evaluation of amphetamine mixture-dextroamphetamine salts and amphetamine salts (Adderall): efficacy rate and side effects.
2001 Jan
Behavioural and anti-psychotic effects of Ca2+ channel blockers in rhesus monkey.
2001 Jan 26
Adderall and the FDA.
2001 Jul
Acute myocardial infarction caused by amphetamines: a case report and review of the literature.
2001 Jun
Mutant mice lacking the cholecystokinin2 receptor show a dopamine-dependent hyperactivity and a behavioral sensitization to morphine.
2001 Jun 22
Amphetamine selectively blocks inhibitory glutamate transmission in dopamine neurons.
2001 Mar
Locomotor effects of acute and repeated threshold doses of amphetamine and methylphenidate: relative roles of dopamine and norepinephrine.
2001 Mar
SLI381: a long-acting psychostimulant preparation for the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.
2001 Nov
Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of single-dose amphetamine formulations in ADHD.
2001 Nov
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study of SLI381 (Adderall XR) in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
2002 Aug
Effects of amphetamine on the plus-maze discriminative avoidance task in mice.
2002 Feb
Efficacy of Adderall and methylphenidate in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a drug-placebo and drug-drug response curve analysis of a naturalistic study.
2002 Jun
CaMKII regulates amphetamine-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation in striatal neurons.
2002 Jun 12
The ability of amphetamine to evoke arc (Arg 3.1) mRNA expression in the caudate, nucleus accumbens and neocortex is modulated by environmental context.
2002 Mar 15
The neurosteroid 3 alpha-hydroxy-5 alpha-pregnan-20-one affects dopamine-mediated behavior in rodents.
2002 May
Efficacy of Adderall for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: a meta-analysis.
2002 Sep
Spatial and temporal profile of haloperidol-induced immediate-early gene expression and phosphoCREB binding in the dorsal and ventral striatum of amphetamine-sensitized rats.
2002 Sep 15
Patents

Sample Use Guides

DYANAVEL XR (R (amphetamine) extended-release oral suspension) should be orally administered once daily in the morning with or without food. The dose should be individualized according to the needs and responses of the patient. Before administering the dose, shake the bottle of DYANAVEL XR. In children 6 years of age and older, start with 2.5 mg or 5 mg once daily in the morning. The dose may be increase
Route of Administration: Oral
In Vitro Use Guide
Curator's Comment: Amph increases the effects induced by βPEA on the LGC-55, indicating that Amph potentiates the effects generated by the biogenic amine βPEA
β-Phenylethylamine (βPEA) activates the amine-gated chloride channel LGC-55 more efficiently than amphetamine (Amph) (Km = 9 and 152 μm, respectively)
Name Type Language
AMPHETAMINE ADIPATE
ORANGE BOOK   VANDF  
Systematic Name English
HEXANEDIOIC ACID, COMPD. WITH .ALPHA.-METHYLBENZENEETHANAMINE (1:1)
Common Name English
BENZENEETHANAMINE, .ALPHA.-METHYL-, HEXANEDIOATE (1:1)
Systematic Name English
AMPHETAMINE ADIPATE COMPONENT OF DELCOBESE
Common Name English
Amfetamine adipate [WHO-DD]
Common Name English
DELCOBESE COMPONENT AMPHETAMINE ADIPATE
Common Name English
AMPHETAMINE ADIPATE [VANDF]
Common Name English
AMPHETAMINE ADIPATE, DL-
Common Name English
AMPHETAMINE ADIPATE [ORANGE BOOK]
Common Name English
BENZENEETHANAMINE, .ALPHA.-METHYL-, (±)-, HEXANEDIOATE (1:1)
Systematic Name English
AMFETAMINE ADIPATE [INCB GREEN LIST]
Common Name English
AMFETAMINE ADIPATE
INCB:GREEN LIST   WHO-DD  
Common Name English
Classification Tree Code System Code
NCI_THESAURUS C47795
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:31:01 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:31:01 GMT 2023
Code System Code Type Description
ChEMBL
CHEMBL405
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:31:01 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:31:01 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
PUBCHEM
20567238
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:31:01 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:31:01 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
SMS_ID
100000176127
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:31:01 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:31:01 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
DRUG BANK
DBSALT001323
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:31:01 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:31:01 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
INCB IDS CODE
PA 003
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:31:01 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:31:01 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
NCI_THESAURUS
C87425
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:31:01 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:31:01 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
FDA UNII
Z58RH02W4M
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:31:01 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:31:01 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
EPA CompTox
DTXSID701026222
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:31:01 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:31:01 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
CAS
64770-51-0
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:31:01 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:31:01 GMT 2023
PRIMARY