Details
| Stereochemistry | ACHIRAL |
| Molecular Formula | Ti.4HO |
| Molecular Weight | 115.896 |
| Optical Activity | NONE |
| Defined Stereocenters | 0 / 0 |
| E/Z Centers | 0 |
| Charge | 0 |
SHOW SMILES / InChI
SMILES
[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[Ti+4]
InChI
InChIKey=LLZRNZOLAXHGLL-UHFFFAOYSA-J
InChI=1S/4H2O.Ti/h4*1H2;/q;;;;+4/p-4
DescriptionCurator's Comment: description was created based on several sources, including
https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2008/022009s000_ClinPharmR.pdf | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18503414
Curator's Comment: description was created based on several sources, including
https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2008/022009s000_ClinPharmR.pdf | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18503414
Titanium dioxide, also known as titanium(IV) oxide or titania, is the naturally occurring oxide of titanium, chemical formula TiO
2. When used as a pigment, it is called titanium white, Pigment White 6 (PW6), or CI 77891. Generally it is sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase. It has a wide range of applications, from paint to sunscreen to food coloring. When used as a food coloring, it has E number E171. World production in 2014 exceeded 9 million metric tons. Titanium dioxide has excellent ultraviolet (UV) resistant qualities and acts as a UV absorbent. In the pharmaceutical industry, titanium dioxide is used in most sunscreens to block UVA and UVB rays, similar to zinc oxide. It is also commonly used as pigment for pharmaceutical products such as gelatin capsules, tablet coatings and syrups. In the cosmetics industry, it is used in toothpaste, lipsticks, creams, ointments and powders. It can be used as an opacifier to make pigments opaque. The FDA has approved the safety of titanium dioxide for use as a colorant in food, drugs and cosmetics, including sunscreens. However, controversy exists as to the safety of titanium dioxide nanoparticles used in the cosmetics industry, for example in sunscreens. Titanium and zinc oxides may be made into the nanoparticle size (0.2-100 nanometers) to reduce the white appearance when applied topically, but retain the UV blocking properties. Recent studies suggest titanium dioxide nanoparticles may be toxic, although further research is needed.
Approval Year
PubMed
| Title | Date | PubMed |
|---|---|---|
| Increased expression of manganese-containing superoxide dismutase in rat lungs after inhalation of inflammatory and fibrogenic minerals. | 1994 Mar |
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| Cytokine and prostaglandin E2 release from leukocytes in response to metal ions derived from different prosthetic materials: an in vitro study. | 1999 Dec |
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| Reconsideration of serum Ti(IV) transport: albumin and transferrin trafficking of Ti(IV) and its complexes. | 2008 Feb 20 |
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| Pulmonary exposure to particles during pregnancy causes increased neonatal asthma susceptibility. | 2008 Jan |
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| Disturbed mitotic progression and genome segregation are involved in cell transformation mediated by nano-TiO2 long-term exposure. | 2009 Dec 1 |
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| Differential binding of inorganic particles to MARCO. | 2009 Jan |
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| Comparative pulmonary toxicity study of nano-TiO(2) particles of different sizes and agglomerations in rats: different short- and long-term post-instillation results. | 2009 Oct 1 |
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| Engineered nanomaterials cause cytotoxicity and activation on mouse antigen presenting cells. | 2010 Jan 12 |
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| Spleen injury and apoptotic pathway in mice caused by titanium dioxide nanoparticules. | 2010 Jun 2 |
|
| Titanium ion induces necrosis and sensitivity to lipopolysaccharide in gingival epithelial-like cells. | 2010 Oct |
|
| The effect of TiO(2) and Ag nanoparticles on reproduction and development of Drosophila melanogaster and CD-1 mice. | 2011 Dec 15 |
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| Chemoprotective effect of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on cellular oxidative damages and apoptosis induced by nano titanium dioxide under UVA irradiation. | 2011 Feb |
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| Toll-like receptors and their adaptors are regulated in macrophages after phagocytosis of lipopolysaccharide-coated titanium particles. | 2011 Jul |
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| Cellular oxidative damage of HEK293T cells induced by combination of CdCl(2) and nano-TiO (2). | 2011 Jun |
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| Particle stimulation dephosphorylates glutathione S-transferase π1 of epithelial cells. | 2011 Jun 18 |
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| Titanium oxide shell coatings decrease the cytotoxicity of ZnO nanoparticles. | 2011 Mar 21 |
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| Safety evaluation of sunscreen formulations containing titanium dioxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles in UVB sunburned skin: an in vitro and in vivo study. | 2011 Sep |
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| Gene expression of zebrafish embryos exposed to titanium dioxide nanoparticles and hydroxylated fullerenes. | 2011 Sep |
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| DNA damage and alterations in expression of DNA damage responsive genes induced by TiO2 nanoparticles in human hepatoma HepG2 cells. | 2011 Sep |
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| Molecular control of TiO₂-NPs toxicity formation at predicted environmental relevant concentrations by Mn-SODs proteins. | 2012 |
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| TiO₂ nanoparticles induce dysfunction and activation of human endothelial cells. | 2012 Apr 16 |
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| Ovarian dysfunction and gene-expressed characteristics of female mice caused by long-term exposure to titanium dioxide nanoparticles. | 2012 Dec |
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| Titanium dioxide nanoparticles inhibit proliferation and induce morphological changes and apoptosis in glial cells. | 2012 Dec 16 |
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| Titanium dioxide nanoparticles induced cytotoxicity, oxidative stress and DNA damage in human amnion epithelial (WISH) cells. | 2012 Mar |
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| Distinct immunomodulatory effects of a panel of nanomaterials in human dermal fibroblasts. | 2012 May 5 |
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| Four types of inorganic nanoparticles stimulate the inflammatory reaction in brain microglia and damage neurons in vitro. | 2012 Oct 17 |
|
| Nanosized TiO2-induced reproductive system dysfunction and its mechanism in female mice. | 2013 |
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| Molecular mechanisms of nanosized titanium dioxide-induced pulmonary injury in mice. | 2013 |
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| Titanium dioxide nanoparticles increase inflammatory responses in vascular endothelial cells. | 2013 Apr 5 |
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| Nano-titanium dioxide induces genotoxicity and apoptosis in human lung cancer cell line, A549. | 2013 Feb |
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| Differential mouse pulmonary dose and time course responses to titanium dioxide nanospheres and nanobelts. | 2013 Jan |
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| TiO2, CeO2 and ZnO nanoparticles and modulation of the degranulation process in human neutrophils. | 2013 Jul 31 |
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| Pulmonary instillation of low doses of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in mice leads to particle retention and gene expression changes in the absence of inflammation. | 2013 Jun 15 |
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| Genotoxicity of silver and titanium dioxide nanoparticles in bone marrow cells of rats in vivo. | 2014 Jan 6 |
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| Normalization of nano-sized TiO2-induced clastogenicity, genotoxicity and mutagenicity by chlorophyllin administration in mice brain, liver, and bone marrow cells. | 2014 Nov |
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| Sheet-type titania, but not P25, induced paraptosis accompanying apoptosis in murine alveolar macrophage cells. | 2014 Oct 1 |
|
| Effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on lead bioconcentration and toxicity on thyroid endocrine system and neuronal development in zebrafish larvae. | 2015 Apr |
Sample Use Guides
Apply evenly 15 minutes before sun exposure. Reapply as needed or after towel drying, swimming, or perspiring. Children under 6 months of age, ask a doctor.
Route of Administration:
Topical
For the in vitro studies, the stratum corneum side of the skin was in contact with either the aqueous or oily commercial dispersion of microfine TiO2 (150 μl/cm^2). The dermis side was placed onto a tissue of cellulose soaked with isotonic phosphate buffered saline (PBS) of pH 7.4. Twenty-four hours after application of the dispersion, the PBS was removed from the skin with a dry paper towel. For the in vivo studies, 2 μl cm−2 of the commercial dispersions and the different formulations were applied onto the ventral side of the forearm of a healthy female volunteer. After 45 min, any dispersion or formulation that had not penetrated the skin was also removed with a paper towel. All penetration tests were performed in triplicate.
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Titanic acid
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m10895
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88494
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SUBSTANCE RECORD
