Details
| Stereochemistry | ACHIRAL |
| Molecular Formula | Ti.4HO |
| Molecular Weight | 115.896 |
| Optical Activity | NONE |
| Defined Stereocenters | 0 / 0 |
| E/Z Centers | 0 |
| Charge | 0 |
SHOW SMILES / InChI
SMILES
[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[Ti+4]
InChI
InChIKey=LLZRNZOLAXHGLL-UHFFFAOYSA-J
InChI=1S/4H2O.Ti/h4*1H2;/q;;;;+4/p-4
DescriptionCurator's Comment: description was created based on several sources, including
https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2008/022009s000_ClinPharmR.pdf | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18503414
Curator's Comment: description was created based on several sources, including
https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2008/022009s000_ClinPharmR.pdf | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18503414
Titanium dioxide, also known as titanium(IV) oxide or titania, is the naturally occurring oxide of titanium, chemical formula TiO
2. When used as a pigment, it is called titanium white, Pigment White 6 (PW6), or CI 77891. Generally it is sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase. It has a wide range of applications, from paint to sunscreen to food coloring. When used as a food coloring, it has E number E171. World production in 2014 exceeded 9 million metric tons. Titanium dioxide has excellent ultraviolet (UV) resistant qualities and acts as a UV absorbent. In the pharmaceutical industry, titanium dioxide is used in most sunscreens to block UVA and UVB rays, similar to zinc oxide. It is also commonly used as pigment for pharmaceutical products such as gelatin capsules, tablet coatings and syrups. In the cosmetics industry, it is used in toothpaste, lipsticks, creams, ointments and powders. It can be used as an opacifier to make pigments opaque. The FDA has approved the safety of titanium dioxide for use as a colorant in food, drugs and cosmetics, including sunscreens. However, controversy exists as to the safety of titanium dioxide nanoparticles used in the cosmetics industry, for example in sunscreens. Titanium and zinc oxides may be made into the nanoparticle size (0.2-100 nanometers) to reduce the white appearance when applied topically, but retain the UV blocking properties. Recent studies suggest titanium dioxide nanoparticles may be toxic, although further research is needed.
Approval Year
PubMed
| Title | Date | PubMed |
|---|---|---|
| Cytokine and prostaglandin E2 release from leukocytes in response to metal ions derived from different prosthetic materials: an in vitro study. | 1999 Dec |
|
| Effects of hydroxyapatite particulate debris on the production of cytokines and proteases in human fibroblasts. | 2001 Jul |
|
| Molecular and biomechanical characterization of mineralized tissue by dental pulp cells on titanium. | 2005 Jun |
|
| Chemokine gene activation in human bone marrow-derived osteoblasts following exposure to particulate wear debris. | 2006 Apr |
|
| Upregulation of LITAF mRNA expression upon exposure to TiAlV and polyethylene wear particles in THP-1 macrophages. | 2007 Apr |
|
| Reconsideration of serum Ti(IV) transport: albumin and transferrin trafficking of Ti(IV) and its complexes. | 2008 Feb 20 |
|
| Pulmonary exposure to particles during pregnancy causes increased neonatal asthma susceptibility. | 2008 Jan |
|
| Disturbed mitotic progression and genome segregation are involved in cell transformation mediated by nano-TiO2 long-term exposure. | 2009 Dec 1 |
|
| Toxicity and penetration of TiO2 nanoparticles in hairless mice and porcine skin after subchronic dermal exposure. | 2009 Dec 1 |
|
| Differential binding of inorganic particles to MARCO. | 2009 Jan |
|
| Alumina ceramic particles, in comparison with titanium particles, hardly affect the expression of RANK-, TNF-alpha-, and OPG-mRNA in the THP-1 human monocytic cell line. | 2009 Jun |
|
| The effects of implant surface nanoscale features on osteoblast-specific gene expression. | 2009 Sep |
|
| Activation of human neutrophils by titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles. | 2010 Apr |
|
| Airway exposure to silica-coated TiO2 nanoparticles induces pulmonary neutrophilia in mice. | 2010 Feb |
|
| Chemoprotective effect of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on cellular oxidative damages and apoptosis induced by nano titanium dioxide under UVA irradiation. | 2011 Feb |
|
| Acute respiratory and systemic toxicity of pulmonary exposure to rutile Fe-doped TiO(2) nanorods. | 2011 Jan 11 |
|
| Cellular oxidative damage of HEK293T cells induced by combination of CdCl(2) and nano-TiO (2). | 2011 Jun |
|
| Titanium oxide shell coatings decrease the cytotoxicity of ZnO nanoparticles. | 2011 Mar 21 |
|
| Safety evaluation of sunscreen formulations containing titanium dioxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles in UVB sunburned skin: an in vitro and in vivo study. | 2011 Sep |
|
| Gene expression of zebrafish embryos exposed to titanium dioxide nanoparticles and hydroxylated fullerenes. | 2011 Sep |
|
| Molecular control of TiO₂-NPs toxicity formation at predicted environmental relevant concentrations by Mn-SODs proteins. | 2012 |
|
| Titanium dioxide nanoparticles inhibit proliferation and induce morphological changes and apoptosis in glial cells. | 2012 Dec 16 |
|
| Titanium dioxide nanoparticles induced cytotoxicity, oxidative stress and DNA damage in human amnion epithelial (WISH) cells. | 2012 Mar |
|
| Distinct immunomodulatory effects of a panel of nanomaterials in human dermal fibroblasts. | 2012 May 5 |
|
| Four types of inorganic nanoparticles stimulate the inflammatory reaction in brain microglia and damage neurons in vitro. | 2012 Oct 17 |
|
| Nanosized TiO2-induced reproductive system dysfunction and its mechanism in female mice. | 2013 |
|
| Molecular mechanisms of nanosized titanium dioxide-induced pulmonary injury in mice. | 2013 |
|
| Titanium dioxide nanoparticles increase inflammatory responses in vascular endothelial cells. | 2013 Apr 5 |
|
| Nano-titanium dioxide induces genotoxicity and apoptosis in human lung cancer cell line, A549. | 2013 Feb |
|
| Differential mouse pulmonary dose and time course responses to titanium dioxide nanospheres and nanobelts. | 2013 Jan |
|
| TiO2, CeO2 and ZnO nanoparticles and modulation of the degranulation process in human neutrophils. | 2013 Jul 31 |
|
| Genotoxicity of silver and titanium dioxide nanoparticles in bone marrow cells of rats in vivo. | 2014 Jan 6 |
|
| Zinc oxide nanoparticles induce migration and adhesion of monocytes to endothelial cells and accelerate foam cell formation. | 2014 Jul 1 |
|
| Normalization of nano-sized TiO2-induced clastogenicity, genotoxicity and mutagenicity by chlorophyllin administration in mice brain, liver, and bone marrow cells. | 2014 Nov |
|
| Sheet-type titania, but not P25, induced paraptosis accompanying apoptosis in murine alveolar macrophage cells. | 2014 Oct 1 |
|
| Effect of glycyrrhizic acid on titanium dioxide nanoparticles-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. | 2014 Sep 5 |
|
| Release of titanium ions from an implant surface and their effect on cytokine production related to alveolar bone resorption. | 2015 Jan 2 |
|
| Genome wide identification and expression profile in epithelial cells exposed to TiO₂ particles. | 2015 Mar |
|
| Titanium nanoparticle inhalation induces renal fibrosis in mice via an oxidative stress upregulated transforming growth factor-β pathway. | 2015 Mar 16 |
|
| Silver and titanium dioxide nanoparticles alter oxidative/inflammatory response and renin-angiotensin system in brain. | 2015 Nov |
|
| Cyto- and genotoxic effects of metallic nanoparticles in untransformed human fibroblast. | 2015 Oct |
Sample Use Guides
Apply evenly 15 minutes before sun exposure. Reapply as needed or after towel drying, swimming, or perspiring. Children under 6 months of age, ask a doctor.
Route of Administration:
Topical
For the in vitro studies, the stratum corneum side of the skin was in contact with either the aqueous or oily commercial dispersion of microfine TiO2 (150 μl/cm^2). The dermis side was placed onto a tissue of cellulose soaked with isotonic phosphate buffered saline (PBS) of pH 7.4. Twenty-four hours after application of the dispersion, the PBS was removed from the skin with a dry paper towel. For the in vivo studies, 2 μl cm−2 of the commercial dispersions and the different formulations were applied onto the ventral side of the forearm of a healthy female volunteer. After 45 min, any dispersion or formulation that had not penetrated the skin was also removed with a paper towel. All penetration tests were performed in triplicate.
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DTXSID30893907
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Titanic acid
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100000077033
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m10895
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88494
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SUBSTANCE RECORD
