Details
| Stereochemistry | ACHIRAL |
| Molecular Formula | Ti.4HO |
| Molecular Weight | 115.896 |
| Optical Activity | NONE |
| Defined Stereocenters | 0 / 0 |
| E/Z Centers | 0 |
| Charge | 0 |
SHOW SMILES / InChI
SMILES
[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[Ti+4]
InChI
InChIKey=LLZRNZOLAXHGLL-UHFFFAOYSA-J
InChI=1S/4H2O.Ti/h4*1H2;/q;;;;+4/p-4
| Molecular Formula | Ti |
| Molecular Weight | 47.867 |
| Charge | 4 |
| Count |
|
| Stereochemistry | ACHIRAL |
| Additional Stereochemistry | No |
| Defined Stereocenters | 0 / 0 |
| E/Z Centers | 0 |
| Optical Activity | NONE |
| Molecular Formula | HO |
| Molecular Weight | 17.0073 |
| Charge | -1 |
| Count |
|
| Stereochemistry | ACHIRAL |
| Additional Stereochemistry | No |
| Defined Stereocenters | 0 / 0 |
| E/Z Centers | 0 |
| Optical Activity | NONE |
DescriptionCurator's Comment: description was created based on several sources, including
https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2008/022009s000_ClinPharmR.pdf | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18503414
Curator's Comment: description was created based on several sources, including
https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2008/022009s000_ClinPharmR.pdf | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18503414
Titanium dioxide, also known as titanium(IV) oxide or titania, is the naturally occurring oxide of titanium, chemical formula TiO
2. When used as a pigment, it is called titanium white, Pigment White 6 (PW6), or CI 77891. Generally it is sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase. It has a wide range of applications, from paint to sunscreen to food coloring. When used as a food coloring, it has E number E171. World production in 2014 exceeded 9 million metric tons. Titanium dioxide has excellent ultraviolet (UV) resistant qualities and acts as a UV absorbent. In the pharmaceutical industry, titanium dioxide is used in most sunscreens to block UVA and UVB rays, similar to zinc oxide. It is also commonly used as pigment for pharmaceutical products such as gelatin capsules, tablet coatings and syrups. In the cosmetics industry, it is used in toothpaste, lipsticks, creams, ointments and powders. It can be used as an opacifier to make pigments opaque. The FDA has approved the safety of titanium dioxide for use as a colorant in food, drugs and cosmetics, including sunscreens. However, controversy exists as to the safety of titanium dioxide nanoparticles used in the cosmetics industry, for example in sunscreens. Titanium and zinc oxides may be made into the nanoparticle size (0.2-100 nanometers) to reduce the white appearance when applied topically, but retain the UV blocking properties. Recent studies suggest titanium dioxide nanoparticles may be toxic, although further research is needed.
Approval Year
PubMed
| Title | Date | PubMed |
|---|---|---|
| Cytokine and prostaglandin E2 release from leukocytes in response to metal ions derived from different prosthetic materials: an in vitro study. | 1999 Dec |
|
| The effects of particulate wear debris, cytokines, and growth factors on the functions of MG-63 osteoblasts. | 2001 Feb |
|
| Effects of hydroxyapatite particulate debris on the production of cytokines and proteases in human fibroblasts. | 2001 Jul |
|
| Matrix metalloproteinases MMP-2, -9 and tissue inhibitors TIMP-1, -2 expression and secretion by primary human osteoblast cells in response to titanium, zirconia, and alumina ceramics. | 2004 Jan 1 |
|
| Molecular and biomechanical characterization of mineralized tissue by dental pulp cells on titanium. | 2005 Jun |
|
| Chemokine gene activation in human bone marrow-derived osteoblasts following exposure to particulate wear debris. | 2006 Apr |
|
| Upregulation of LITAF mRNA expression upon exposure to TiAlV and polyethylene wear particles in THP-1 macrophages. | 2007 Apr |
|
| Reconsideration of serum Ti(IV) transport: albumin and transferrin trafficking of Ti(IV) and its complexes. | 2008 Feb 20 |
|
| Pulmonary exposure to particles during pregnancy causes increased neonatal asthma susceptibility. | 2008 Jan |
|
| Disturbed mitotic progression and genome segregation are involved in cell transformation mediated by nano-TiO2 long-term exposure. | 2009 Dec 1 |
|
| Toxicity and penetration of TiO2 nanoparticles in hairless mice and porcine skin after subchronic dermal exposure. | 2009 Dec 1 |
|
| Differential binding of inorganic particles to MARCO. | 2009 Jan |
|
| Alumina ceramic particles, in comparison with titanium particles, hardly affect the expression of RANK-, TNF-alpha-, and OPG-mRNA in the THP-1 human monocytic cell line. | 2009 Jun |
|
| Role of air pollution Particulate Matter (PM(2.5)) in the occurrence of loss of heterozygosity in multiple critical regions of 3p chromosome in human epithelial lung cells (L132). | 2009 Jun 22 |
|
| Ultrafine carbon particles down-regulate CYP1B1 expression in human monocytes. | 2009 Oct 16 |
|
| Inhibitor of differentiation 1 (Id1) expression attenuates the degree of TiO2-induced cytotoxicity in H1299 non-small cell lung cancer cells. | 2009 Sep 28 |
|
| Airway exposure to silica-coated TiO2 nanoparticles induces pulmonary neutrophilia in mice. | 2010 Feb |
|
| Acute respiratory and systemic toxicity of pulmonary exposure to rutile Fe-doped TiO(2) nanorods. | 2011 Jan 11 |
|
| Cellular oxidative damage of HEK293T cells induced by combination of CdCl(2) and nano-TiO (2). | 2011 Jun |
|
| Safety evaluation of sunscreen formulations containing titanium dioxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles in UVB sunburned skin: an in vitro and in vivo study. | 2011 Sep |
|
| Gene expression of zebrafish embryos exposed to titanium dioxide nanoparticles and hydroxylated fullerenes. | 2011 Sep |
|
| DNA damage and alterations in expression of DNA damage responsive genes induced by TiO2 nanoparticles in human hepatoma HepG2 cells. | 2011 Sep |
|
| Molecular control of TiO₂-NPs toxicity formation at predicted environmental relevant concentrations by Mn-SODs proteins. | 2012 |
|
| Titanium dioxide nanoparticles inhibit proliferation and induce morphological changes and apoptosis in glial cells. | 2012 Dec 16 |
|
| Four types of inorganic nanoparticles stimulate the inflammatory reaction in brain microglia and damage neurons in vitro. | 2012 Oct 17 |
|
| Nanosized TiO2-induced reproductive system dysfunction and its mechanism in female mice. | 2013 |
|
| Pulmonary instillation of low doses of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in mice leads to particle retention and gene expression changes in the absence of inflammation. | 2013 Jun 15 |
|
| Effect of TiO₂ nanoparticles on the structure and activity of catalase. | 2014 Aug 5 |
|
| Genotoxicity of silver and titanium dioxide nanoparticles in bone marrow cells of rats in vivo. | 2014 Jan 6 |
|
| Effect of glycyrrhizic acid on titanium dioxide nanoparticles-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. | 2014 Sep 5 |
|
| Titanium dioxide nanoparticles modulate the toxicological response to cadmium in the gills of Mytilus galloprovincialis. | 2015 Oct 30 |
|
| TiO2 nanoparticle-induced neurotoxicity may be involved in dysfunction of glutamate metabolism and its receptor expression in mice. | 2016 Jun |
Sample Use Guides
Apply evenly 15 minutes before sun exposure. Reapply as needed or after towel drying, swimming, or perspiring. Children under 6 months of age, ask a doctor.
Route of Administration:
Topical
For the in vitro studies, the stratum corneum side of the skin was in contact with either the aqueous or oily commercial dispersion of microfine TiO2 (150 μl/cm^2). The dermis side was placed onto a tissue of cellulose soaked with isotonic phosphate buffered saline (PBS) of pH 7.4. Twenty-four hours after application of the dispersion, the PBS was removed from the skin with a dry paper towel. For the in vivo studies, 2 μl cm−2 of the commercial dispersions and the different formulations were applied onto the ventral side of the forearm of a healthy female volunteer. After 45 min, any dispersion or formulation that had not penetrated the skin was also removed with a paper towel. All penetration tests were performed in triplicate.
| Substance Class |
Chemical
Created
by
admin
on
Edited
Fri Dec 15 17:46:48 GMT 2023
by
admin
on
Fri Dec 15 17:46:48 GMT 2023
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| Record UNII |
W9EOP89V8G
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| Record Status |
Validated (UNII)
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| Record Version |
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DTXSID30893907
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Titanic acid
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m10895
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88494
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