Details
| Stereochemistry | ABSOLUTE |
| Molecular Formula | C9H11NO2.ClH |
| Molecular Weight | 201.65 |
| Optical Activity | UNSPECIFIED |
| Defined Stereocenters | 1 / 1 |
| E/Z Centers | 0 |
| Charge | 0 |
SHOW SMILES / InChI
SMILES
Cl.N[C@@H](CC1=CC=CC=C1)C(O)=O
InChI
InChIKey=ZAIZDXVMSSDZFA-QRPNPIFTSA-N
InChI=1S/C9H11NO2.ClH/c10-8(9(11)12)6-7-4-2-1-3-5-7;/h1-5,8H,6,10H2,(H,11,12);1H/t8-;/m0./s1
Phenylalanine is a biologically essential amino acid that acts as a precursor to tyrosine and the catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, and tyramine), and is a constituent
of many central nervous system neuropeptides. Normal dietary levels of phenylalanine are approximately 1-2 grams daily. Phenylalanine appears in two forms which are identical mirror images of each other: L-phenylalanine, a nutritional supplement, and D-phenylalanine, an effective painkiller and antidepressant due to its ability to inhibit the breakdown of enkephalins, the brain’s natural pain killers.
Approval Year
Targets
| Primary Target | Pharmacology | Condition | Potency |
|---|---|---|---|
Target ID: CHEMBL3076 |
|||
Target ID: CHEMBL1907608 |
1.71 mM [IC50] |
Conditions
| Condition | Modality | Targets | Highest Phase | Product |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | FREAMINE III 10% Approved UseParenteral nutrition with 8.5% FreAmine® III (Amino Acid Injection) with Electrolytes is
indicated to prevent nitrogen loss or treat negative nitrogen balance in adults and pediatric
patients, where (1) the alimentary tract, by the oral, gastrostomy, or jejunostomy route, cannot or
should not be used, or adequate protein intake is not feasible by these routes; (2) gastrointestinal
absorption of protein is impaired; or (3) protein requirements are substantially increased as with
extensive burns. Dosage, route of administration, and concomitant infusion of non-protein
calories are dependent on various factors, such as nutritional metabolic status of the patient, anticipated duration of parenteral nutritional support, and vein tolerance Launch Date1971 |
|||
| Primary | Unknown Approved UseUnknown |
|||
| Primary | Unknown Approved UseUnknown |
Cmax
| Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
1389 μM EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11244252/ |
20 mg/kg single, intravenous dose: 20 mg/kg route of administration: Intravenous experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
PHENYLALANINE plasma | Rattus norvegicus population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: MALE food status: FASTED |
AUC
| Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
35.7 μM × h EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11244252/ |
20 mg/kg single, intravenous dose: 20 mg/kg route of administration: Intravenous experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
PHENYLALANINE plasma | Rattus norvegicus population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: MALE food status: FASTED |
T1/2
| Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
3 min EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11244252/ |
20 mg/kg single, intravenous dose: 20 mg/kg route of administration: Intravenous experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
PHENYLALANINE plasma | Rattus norvegicus population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: MALE food status: FASTED |
PubMed
| Title | Date | PubMed |
|---|---|---|
| Development of procedures for determining the amino acid requirements of chickens by the indicator amino acid oxidation method. | 2001 Feb |
|
| Detection and typing of human papillomavirus in anal epidermoid carcinomas: sequence variation in the E7 gene of human papillomavirus Type 16. | 2001 Feb |
|
| Comparison of in vitro systems of protein digestion using either mammal or fish proteolytic enzymes. | 2001 Feb |
|
| Mutation analysis of phenylketonuria in Yamagata prefecture, Japan. | 2001 Feb |
|
| Reaction of oxidized dopamine with endogenous cysteine residues in the human dopamine transporter. | 2001 Feb |
|
| Auto-inhibition of Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II by its ATP-binding domain. | 2001 Feb |
|
| Mutations of the phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) gene in Brazilian patients with phenylketonuria. | 2001 Feb |
|
| A comparison of kinetic and regulatory properties of the tetrameric and dimeric forms of wild-type and Thr427-->Pro mutant human phenylalanine hydroxylase: contribution of the flexible hinge region Asp425-Gln429 to the tetramerization and cooperative substrate binding. | 2001 Feb |
|
| Pumping capacity of bacterial reaction centers and backpressure regulation of energy transduction. | 2001 Feb |
|
| Design, X-ray crystallography, molecular modelling and thermal stability studies of mutant enzymes at site 172 of 3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase from Thermus thermophilus. | 2001 Feb |
|
| [A study of phenylketonuria heterozygotes screening in married population of Tianjin area]. | 2001 Feb |
|
| Tyrosine phosphorylation of p120(ctn) in v-Src transfected L cells depends on its association with E-cadherin and reduces adhesion activity. | 2001 Feb |
|
| In vivo protein synthetic rates of atrial, ventricular, and pulmonary tissue proteins in aortic constriction, goldblatt, and bromoethylamine models of hypertension. | 2001 Feb |
|
| Aldehyde dehydrogenase. Maintaining critical active site geometry at motif 8 in the class 3 enzyme. | 2001 Feb |
|
| Effects of the potent analgesic enkephalin-catabolizing enzyme inhibitors RB101 and kelatorphan on respiration. | 2001 Feb 1 |
|
| Enkephalin analogues with 2',6'-dimethylphenylalanine replacing phenylalanine in position 4. | 2001 Feb 12 |
|
| FDA approves nateglinide for treatment of type 2 diabetes. | 2001 Feb 15 |
|
| Antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid and protein turnover in insulin-resistant rat muscle. | 2001 Feb 15 |
|
| Cloning of dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin transporters from monkey brain: relevance to cocaine sensitivity. | 2001 Feb 19 |
|
| Occurrence of D-Amino Acids and a pyridoxal 5'-phosphate-dependent aspartate racemase in the acidothermophilic archaeon, Thermoplasma acidophilum. | 2001 Feb 23 |
|
| Enhancement, relaxation, and reversal of the stereoselectivity for phosphotriesterase by rational evolution of active site residues. | 2001 Feb 6 |
|
| Kynurenine aminotransferase I activity in human placenta. | 2001 Feb-Mar |
|
| Altered mitochondrial gene expression in human gestational trophoblastic diseases. | 2001 Feb-Mar |
|
| The suppressive effect of dietary restriction and weight loss in the obese on the generation of reactive oxygen species by leukocytes, lipid peroxidation, and protein carbonylation. | 2001 Jan |
|
| Three new mutations in the gene for the growth hormone (gh)-releasing hormone receptor in familial isolated gh deficiency type ib. | 2001 Jan |
|
| A silent mutation induces exon skipping in the phenylalanine hydroxylase gene in phenylketonuria. | 2001 Jan |
|
| N-(Hydroxyaminocarbonyl)phenylalanine: a novel class of inhibitor for carboxypeptidase A. | 2001 Jan |
|
| Mealtime glucose regulation with nateglinide in healthy volunteers: comparison with repaglinide and placebo. | 2001 Jan |
|
| Physical stability of the blue pigments formed from geniposide of gardenia fruits: effects of pH, temperature, and light. | 2001 Jan |
|
| New analogues of bradykinin containing a conformationally restricted dipeptide fragment in their molecules. | 2001 Jan |
|
| Epidermal H(2)O(2) accumulation alters tetrahydrobiopterin (6BH4) recycling in vitiligo: identification of a general mechanism in regulation of all 6BH4-dependent processes? | 2001 Jan |
|
| A matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor, batimastat, retards the development of osteolytic bone metastases by MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells in Balb C nu/nu mice. | 2001 Jan |
|
| [Fasting blood glucose has little value. Postprandial glucose indicates risk]. | 2001 Jan 11 |
|
| Biological properties of Phe(o)-opioid peptide analogues. | 2001 Jan 12 |
|
| Development and de novo protein synthetic activity of bovine embryos produced in vitro in different culture systems. | 2001 Jan 15 |
|
| Amino acid phosphoramidate monoesters of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine: relationship between antiviral potency and intracellular metabolism. | 2001 Jan 18 |
|
| Essential role of the N-terminal autoregulatory sequence in the regulation of phenylalanine hydroxylase. | 2001 Jan 19 |
|
| Molecular engineering of myoglobin: the improvement of oxidation activity by replacing Phe-43 with tryptophan. | 2001 Jan 30 |
|
| Plasma free amino acid concentrations in healthy Guatemalan adults and in patients with classic dengue. | 2001 Mar |
|
| Binding diversity of a noncovalent-type low-molecular-weight serine protease inhibitor and function of a catalytic water molecule: X-ray crystal structure of PKSI-527--inhibited trypsin. | 2001 Mar |
|
| Combined pituitary hormone deficiency due to the F135C human Pit-1 (pituitary-specific factor 1) gene mutation: functional and structural correlates. | 2001 Mar |
|
| Ligand migration in human myoglobin: steric effects of isoleucine 107(G8) on O(2) and CO binding. | 2001 Mar |
|
| Acute effects of peritoneal dialysis with dialysates containing dextrose or dextrose and amino acids on muscle protein turnover in patients with chronic renal failure. | 2001 Mar |
|
| Selected Contribution: IGF-I antibody prevents increases in protein synthesis in epitrochlearis muscles from refed, diabetic rats. | 2001 Mar |
|
| A possible role for metalloproteinases in renal cyst development. | 2001 Mar |
|
| Complete loss of P/Q calcium channel activity caused by a CACNA1A missense mutation carried by patients with episodic ataxia type 2. | 2001 Mar |
|
| Detection of hydroxyl radicals by D-phenylalanine hydroxylation: a specific assay for hydroxyl radical generation in biological systems. | 2001 Mar 1 |
|
| Spectral and metal-binding properties of three single-point tryptophan mutants of the human transferrin N-lobe. | 2001 Mar 1 |
|
| Activation of BMK1 via tyrosine 1062 in RET by GDNF and MEN2A mutation. | 2001 Mar 2 |
|
| Tight control of exogenous SERCA expression is required to obtain acceleration of calcium transients with minimal cytotoxic effects in cardiac myocytes. | 2001 Mar 2 |
Patents
Sample Use Guides
L-Phenylalanine Capsules (400 mg/cap): one to two capsules per day on an empty stomach.
L-Phenylalanine Powder: 480 mg one to two times per day on an empty stomach.
DL-Phenylalanine Capsules (500 mg/cap): one capsule daily on an empty stomach.
DL-Phenylalanine Powder: 1/8 level teaspoon two to three times daily on an empty stomach.
Route of Administration:
Oral
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L6O14A5L6Q
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241-554-5
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DBSALT001774
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17585-69-2
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12000150
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PARENT (SALT/SOLVATE)
SUBSTANCE RECORD
