U.S. Department of Health & Human Services Divider Arrow National Institutes of Health Divider Arrow NCATS

Details

Stereochemistry ABSOLUTE
Molecular Formula C24H30Cl2FN3O3
Molecular Weight 498.418
Optical Activity UNSPECIFIED
Defined Stereocenters 2 / 2
E/Z Centers 0
Charge 0

SHOW SMILES / InChI
Structure of MELPHALAN FLUFENAMIDE

SMILES

CCOC(=O)[C@H](CC1=CC=C(F)C=C1)NC(=O)[C@@H](N)CC2=CC=C(C=C2)N(CCCl)CCCl

InChI

InChIKey=YQZNKYXGZSVEHI-VXKWHMMOSA-N
InChI=1S/C24H30Cl2FN3O3/c1-2-33-24(32)22(16-18-3-7-19(27)8-4-18)29-23(31)21(28)15-17-5-9-20(10-6-17)30(13-11-25)14-12-26/h3-10,21-22H,2,11-16,28H2,1H3,(H,29,31)/t21-,22-/m0/s1

HIDE SMILES / InChI

Description
Curator's Comment: description was created based on several sources, including,http://www.nhs.uk/ipgmedia/National/Macmillan%20Cancer%20Support/assets/MelphalanMCS5pages.pdf http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/bloodjournal/100/1/224.full.pdf

Melphalan, also known as L-phenylalanine mustard, phenylalanine mustard, L-PAM, or L-sarcolysin, is a phenylalanine derivative of nitrogen mustard. Melphalan is a bifunctional alkylating agent which produces a number of DNA adducts with the DNA interstrand crosslink (ICL) considered to be the critical cytotoxic lesion. Melphalan is used to treat different cancers including myeloma, melanoma and ovarian cancer.

CNS Activity

Curator's Comment: Melphalan poorly penetrates the central nervous system.

Originator

Curator's Comment: This substance was synthesized simultaneously both at the Chester Beatty Research Institute and in the Soviet Union.

Approval Year

Targets

Targets

Primary TargetPharmacologyConditionPotency
Conditions

Conditions

ConditionModalityTargetsHighest PhaseProduct
Palliative
ALKERAN

Approved Use

ALKERAN Tablets are indicated for the palliative treatment of multiple myeloma and for the palliation of non-resectable epithelial carcinoma of the ovary.

Launch Date

1964
Palliative
ALKERAN

Approved Use

ALKERAN Tablets are indicated for the palliative treatment of multiple myeloma and for the palliation of non-resectable epithelial carcinoma of the ovary.

Launch Date

1964
Cmax

Cmax

ValueDoseCo-administeredAnalytePopulation
212 ng/mL
0.25 mg/kg single, oral
dose: 0.25 mg/kg
route of administration: Oral
experiment type: SINGLE
co-administered:
MELPHALAN plasma
Homo sapiens
population: UNHEALTHY
age: ADULT
sex: UNKNOWN
food status: UNKNOWN
AUC

AUC

ValueDoseCo-administeredAnalytePopulation
12.84 mg × h/L
200 mg/m² single, intravenous
dose: 200 mg/m²
route of administration: Intravenous
experiment type: SINGLE
co-administered:
MELPHALAN plasma
Homo sapiens
population: UNHEALTHY
age: ADULT
sex: FEMALE / MALE
food status: UNKNOWN
498 ng × h/mL
0.25 mg/kg single, oral
dose: 0.25 mg/kg
route of administration: Oral
experiment type: SINGLE
co-administered:
MELPHALAN plasma
Homo sapiens
population: UNHEALTHY
age: ADULT
sex: UNKNOWN
food status: UNKNOWN
T1/2

T1/2

ValueDoseCo-administeredAnalytePopulation
1 h
0.25 mg/kg single, oral
dose: 0.25 mg/kg
route of administration: Oral
experiment type: SINGLE
co-administered:
MELPHALAN plasma
Homo sapiens
population: UNHEALTHY
age: ADULT
sex: UNKNOWN
food status: UNKNOWN
Funbound

Funbound

ValueDoseCo-administeredAnalytePopulation
70%
MELPHALAN plasma
Homo sapiens
population: UNKNOWN
age: UNKNOWN
sex: UNKNOWN
food status: UNKNOWN
Doses

Doses

DosePopulationAdverse events​
40 mg/m2 1 times / 3 weeks multiple, intravenous
Highest studied dose
Dose: 40 mg/m2, 1 times / 3 weeks
Route: intravenous
Route: multiple
Dose: 40 mg/m2, 1 times / 3 weeks
Sources: Page: p.60
unhealthy, 18–74
n = 7
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: Advanced cancer
Age Group: 18–74
Sex: M+F
Population Size: 7
Sources: Page: p.60
DLT: Thrombocytopenia, Neutropenia...
Dose limiting toxicities:
Thrombocytopenia (grade 4, 57%)
Neutropenia (grade 4, 57%)
Sources: Page: p.60
30 mg/m2 1 times / 3 weeks multiple, intravenous
MTD
Dose: 30 mg/m2, 1 times / 3 weeks
Route: intravenous
Route: multiple
Dose: 30 mg/m2, 1 times / 3 weeks
Sources: Page: p.60
unhealthy, 18–74
n = 9
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: Advanced cancer
Age Group: 18–74
Sex: M+F
Population Size: 9
Sources: Page: p.60
DLT: Thrombocytopenia, Neutropenia...
Dose limiting toxicities:
Thrombocytopenia (grade 4, 44%)
Neutropenia (grade 4, 44%)
Sources: Page: p.60
200 mg/m2 1 times / 70 days multiple, intravenous
MTD
Dose: 200 mg/m2, 1 times / 70 days
Route: intravenous
Route: multiple
Dose: 200 mg/m2, 1 times / 70 days
Sources: Page: p.248, 250
unhealthy, 33–65
n = 55
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: Multiple myeloma
Age Group: 33–65
Sex: M+F
Population Size: 55
Sources: Page: p.248, 250
Disc. AE: Toxic reaction (NOS), Bacterial infection...
AEs leading to
discontinuation/dose reduction:
Toxic reaction (NOS) (grade 4, 1.8%)
Bacterial infection (grade 5, 3.6%)
Systemic herpes zoster infection (grade 5, 1.8%)
Sources: Page: p.248, 250
100 mg/m2 1 times / day multiple, intravenous
Recommended
Dose: 100 mg/m2, 1 times / day
Route: intravenous
Route: multiple
Dose: 100 mg/m2, 1 times / day
Sources: Page: p.1
unhealthy
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: Multiple myeloma
Sources: Page: p.1
Disc. AE: Bone marrow depression, Hypersensitivity reaction...
AEs leading to
discontinuation/dose reduction:
Bone marrow depression (severe)
Hypersensitivity reaction (2%)
Anaphylaxis
Gastrointestinal toxicity
Nausea
Vomiting
Diarrhea
Mucositis oral
Fetal damage
Infertility
Sources: Page: p.1
AEs

AEs

AESignificanceDosePopulation
Neutropenia grade 4, 57%
DLT
40 mg/m2 1 times / 3 weeks multiple, intravenous
Highest studied dose
Dose: 40 mg/m2, 1 times / 3 weeks
Route: intravenous
Route: multiple
Dose: 40 mg/m2, 1 times / 3 weeks
Sources: Page: p.60
unhealthy, 18–74
n = 7
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: Advanced cancer
Age Group: 18–74
Sex: M+F
Population Size: 7
Sources: Page: p.60
Thrombocytopenia grade 4, 57%
DLT
40 mg/m2 1 times / 3 weeks multiple, intravenous
Highest studied dose
Dose: 40 mg/m2, 1 times / 3 weeks
Route: intravenous
Route: multiple
Dose: 40 mg/m2, 1 times / 3 weeks
Sources: Page: p.60
unhealthy, 18–74
n = 7
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: Advanced cancer
Age Group: 18–74
Sex: M+F
Population Size: 7
Sources: Page: p.60
Neutropenia grade 4, 44%
DLT
30 mg/m2 1 times / 3 weeks multiple, intravenous
MTD
Dose: 30 mg/m2, 1 times / 3 weeks
Route: intravenous
Route: multiple
Dose: 30 mg/m2, 1 times / 3 weeks
Sources: Page: p.60
unhealthy, 18–74
n = 9
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: Advanced cancer
Age Group: 18–74
Sex: M+F
Population Size: 9
Sources: Page: p.60
Thrombocytopenia grade 4, 44%
DLT
30 mg/m2 1 times / 3 weeks multiple, intravenous
MTD
Dose: 30 mg/m2, 1 times / 3 weeks
Route: intravenous
Route: multiple
Dose: 30 mg/m2, 1 times / 3 weeks
Sources: Page: p.60
unhealthy, 18–74
n = 9
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: Advanced cancer
Age Group: 18–74
Sex: M+F
Population Size: 9
Sources: Page: p.60
Toxic reaction (NOS) grade 4, 1.8%
Disc. AE
200 mg/m2 1 times / 70 days multiple, intravenous
MTD
Dose: 200 mg/m2, 1 times / 70 days
Route: intravenous
Route: multiple
Dose: 200 mg/m2, 1 times / 70 days
Sources: Page: p.248, 250
unhealthy, 33–65
n = 55
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: Multiple myeloma
Age Group: 33–65
Sex: M+F
Population Size: 55
Sources: Page: p.248, 250
Systemic herpes zoster infection grade 5, 1.8%
Disc. AE
200 mg/m2 1 times / 70 days multiple, intravenous
MTD
Dose: 200 mg/m2, 1 times / 70 days
Route: intravenous
Route: multiple
Dose: 200 mg/m2, 1 times / 70 days
Sources: Page: p.248, 250
unhealthy, 33–65
n = 55
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: Multiple myeloma
Age Group: 33–65
Sex: M+F
Population Size: 55
Sources: Page: p.248, 250
Bacterial infection grade 5, 3.6%
Disc. AE
200 mg/m2 1 times / 70 days multiple, intravenous
MTD
Dose: 200 mg/m2, 1 times / 70 days
Route: intravenous
Route: multiple
Dose: 200 mg/m2, 1 times / 70 days
Sources: Page: p.248, 250
unhealthy, 33–65
n = 55
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: Multiple myeloma
Age Group: 33–65
Sex: M+F
Population Size: 55
Sources: Page: p.248, 250
Hypersensitivity reaction 2%
Disc. AE
100 mg/m2 1 times / day multiple, intravenous
Recommended
Dose: 100 mg/m2, 1 times / day
Route: intravenous
Route: multiple
Dose: 100 mg/m2, 1 times / day
Sources: Page: p.1
unhealthy
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: Multiple myeloma
Sources: Page: p.1
Anaphylaxis Disc. AE
100 mg/m2 1 times / day multiple, intravenous
Recommended
Dose: 100 mg/m2, 1 times / day
Route: intravenous
Route: multiple
Dose: 100 mg/m2, 1 times / day
Sources: Page: p.1
unhealthy
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: Multiple myeloma
Sources: Page: p.1
Diarrhea Disc. AE
100 mg/m2 1 times / day multiple, intravenous
Recommended
Dose: 100 mg/m2, 1 times / day
Route: intravenous
Route: multiple
Dose: 100 mg/m2, 1 times / day
Sources: Page: p.1
unhealthy
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: Multiple myeloma
Sources: Page: p.1
Fetal damage Disc. AE
100 mg/m2 1 times / day multiple, intravenous
Recommended
Dose: 100 mg/m2, 1 times / day
Route: intravenous
Route: multiple
Dose: 100 mg/m2, 1 times / day
Sources: Page: p.1
unhealthy
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: Multiple myeloma
Sources: Page: p.1
Gastrointestinal toxicity Disc. AE
100 mg/m2 1 times / day multiple, intravenous
Recommended
Dose: 100 mg/m2, 1 times / day
Route: intravenous
Route: multiple
Dose: 100 mg/m2, 1 times / day
Sources: Page: p.1
unhealthy
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: Multiple myeloma
Sources: Page: p.1
Infertility Disc. AE
100 mg/m2 1 times / day multiple, intravenous
Recommended
Dose: 100 mg/m2, 1 times / day
Route: intravenous
Route: multiple
Dose: 100 mg/m2, 1 times / day
Sources: Page: p.1
unhealthy
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: Multiple myeloma
Sources: Page: p.1
Mucositis oral Disc. AE
100 mg/m2 1 times / day multiple, intravenous
Recommended
Dose: 100 mg/m2, 1 times / day
Route: intravenous
Route: multiple
Dose: 100 mg/m2, 1 times / day
Sources: Page: p.1
unhealthy
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: Multiple myeloma
Sources: Page: p.1
Nausea Disc. AE
100 mg/m2 1 times / day multiple, intravenous
Recommended
Dose: 100 mg/m2, 1 times / day
Route: intravenous
Route: multiple
Dose: 100 mg/m2, 1 times / day
Sources: Page: p.1
unhealthy
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: Multiple myeloma
Sources: Page: p.1
Vomiting Disc. AE
100 mg/m2 1 times / day multiple, intravenous
Recommended
Dose: 100 mg/m2, 1 times / day
Route: intravenous
Route: multiple
Dose: 100 mg/m2, 1 times / day
Sources: Page: p.1
unhealthy
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: Multiple myeloma
Sources: Page: p.1
Bone marrow depression severe
Disc. AE
100 mg/m2 1 times / day multiple, intravenous
Recommended
Dose: 100 mg/m2, 1 times / day
Route: intravenous
Route: multiple
Dose: 100 mg/m2, 1 times / day
Sources: Page: p.1
unhealthy
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: Multiple myeloma
Sources: Page: p.1
PubMed

PubMed

TitleDatePubMed
Melphalan-resistant multiple myeloma: results of treatment according to the M-2 protocol.
1985
Reduced bone marrow stem cell pool and progenitor mobilisation in multiple myeloma after melphalan treatment.
1999 Dec
Amifostine can reduce mucosal damage after high-dose melphalan conditioning for peripheral blood progenitor cellautotransplant: a retrospective study.
2000 Aug
Phase II trial of sequential high-dose chemotherapy with paclitaxel, melphalan and cyclophosphamide, thiotepa and carboplatin with peripheral blood progenitor support in women with responding metastatic breast cancer.
2002 Aug
In children and adolescents, the pharmacodynamics of high-dose busulfan is dependent on the second alkylating agent used in the combined regimen (melphalan or thiotepa).
2003 Nov
Effective use of high-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell rescue for relapsed adult Wilms' tumor and a novel alteration in intron 1 of the WT1 gene.
2004 Dec
Overexpression of glutathione-S-transferase, MGSTII, confers resistance to busulfan and melphalan.
2005
Cross-talk between DNA damage and cell survival checkpoints during G2 and mitosis: pharmacologic implications.
2005 Dec
Prediction of genotoxicity of chemical compounds by statistical learning methods.
2005 Jun
[White blood cell lysis syndrome after autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation in the treatment of renal AL amyloidosis. Case report].
2006 Jun
Fatal leukoencephalopathy after reduced-intensity allogeneic stem cell transplantation.
2007 Feb
Cross-linking of the DNA repair protein Omicron6-alkylguanine DNA alkyltransferase to DNA in the presence of antitumor nitrogen mustards.
2008 Apr
Safety and efficacy of bortezomib and melphalan combination in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma: updated results of a phase 1/2 study after longer follow-up.
2008 Aug
Heterogeneity of human glioblastoma: glutathione-S-transferase and methylguanine-methyltransferase.
2008 Jul
Long-term risk of myelodysplasia in melphalan-treated patients with immunoglobulin light-chain amyloidosis.
2008 Sep
Development of rapid light-chain deposition disease in hepatic arteries with severe ischemic cholangitis in a multiple myeloma patient treated with melphalan, prednisone and lenalidomide.
2009 Jan
Multiple myeloma developing after imatinib mesylate therapy for chronic myeloid leukemia.
2009 Mar
Efficacy and safety of once-weekly bortezomib in multiple myeloma patients.
2010 Dec 2
Glutathione S-transferase M1 inhibits dexamethasone-induced apoptosis in association with the suppression of Bim through dual mechanisms in a lymphoblastic leukemia cell line.
2010 Mar
Risk factors for, and reversibility of, peripheral neuropathy associated with bortezomib-melphalan-prednisone in newly diagnosed patients with multiple myeloma: subanalysis of the phase 3 VISTA study.
2011 Jan
FDA-approved drugs and other compounds tested as inhibitors of human glutathione transferase P1-1.
2013 Sep 5
Patents

Sample Use Guides

In Vivo Use Guide
Curator's Comment: IV dose is 16 mg/m2
Phase 3 clinical study (OCEAN, OP-103). Melflufen 40 mg i.v. on Day 1 and dexamethasone 40 mg on Days 1, 8, 15 and 22 of each 28-day cycle.
Route of Administration: Intravenous
In Vitro Use Guide
Curator's Comment: RPMI-8226 (multiple myeloma) cells were treated with 10 uM or 100 uM of melphalan.
Melflufen showed activity with cytotoxic IC50-values in the submicromolar range (0.011-0.92 μM) in the cell lines. In the primary cultures melflufen yielded slightly lower IC50-values (2.7 nM to 0.55 μM). Treated cell lines exhibited a clear accumulation in the G2/M-phase of the cell cycle.
Name Type Language
MELPHALAN FLUFENAMIDE
INN   WHO-DD  
INN   USAN  
Official Name English
L-PHENYLALANINE, 4-(BIS(2-CHLOROETHYL)AMINO)-L-PHENYLALANYL-4-FLUORO-, ETHYL ESTER
Systematic Name English
PRODRUG J1
Code English
J-1
Code English
Melphalan flufenamide [WHO-DD]
Common Name English
J1
Code English
MFF
Common Name English
melphalan flufenamide [INN]
Common Name English
J1 (PRODRUG)
Code English
J-1 (PRODRUG)
Code English
MELPHALAN FLUFENAMIDE [USAN]
Common Name English
ETHYL (2S)-2-((2S)-2-AMINO-3-(4-(BIS(2-CHLOROETHYL)AMINO)PHENYL)PROPANAMIDO)-3-(4-FLUOROPHENYL)PROPANOATE
Systematic Name English
PRODRUG J-1
Code English
Classification Tree Code System Code
NCI_THESAURUS C697
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 20:15:37 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 20:15:37 GMT 2023
NCI_THESAURUS C1742
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 20:15:37 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 20:15:37 GMT 2023
EU-Orphan Drug EU/3/15/1463
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 20:15:37 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 20:15:37 GMT 2023
Code System Code Type Description
EPA CompTox
DTXSID40191461
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 20:15:37 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 20:15:37 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
PUBCHEM
9935639
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 20:15:37 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 20:15:37 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
RXCUI
2531369
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 20:15:37 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 20:15:37 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
WIKIPEDIA
Melphalan flufenamide
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 20:15:37 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 20:15:37 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
SMS_ID
100000177159
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 20:15:37 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 20:15:37 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
USAN
GH-114
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 20:15:37 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 20:15:37 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
FDA UNII
F70C5K4786
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 20:15:37 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 20:15:37 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
NCI_THESAURUS
C107680
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 20:15:37 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 20:15:37 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
CAS
380449-51-4
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 20:15:37 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 20:15:37 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
INN
9493
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 20:15:37 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 20:15:37 GMT 2023
PRIMARY