Details
Stereochemistry | ABSOLUTE |
Molecular Formula | C24H30Cl2FN3O3 |
Molecular Weight | 498.418 |
Optical Activity | UNSPECIFIED |
Defined Stereocenters | 2 / 2 |
E/Z Centers | 0 |
Charge | 0 |
SHOW SMILES / InChI
SMILES
CCOC(=O)[C@H](CC1=CC=C(F)C=C1)NC(=O)[C@@H](N)CC2=CC=C(C=C2)N(CCCl)CCCl
InChI
InChIKey=YQZNKYXGZSVEHI-VXKWHMMOSA-N
InChI=1S/C24H30Cl2FN3O3/c1-2-33-24(32)22(16-18-3-7-19(27)8-4-18)29-23(31)21(28)15-17-5-9-20(10-6-17)30(13-11-25)14-12-26/h3-10,21-22H,2,11-16,28H2,1H3,(H,29,31)/t21-,22-/m0/s1
DescriptionSources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23584492 | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29029544 | https://www.oncopeptides.se/en/about-ygalo/http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2011/014691s029lbl.pdfCurator's Comment: description was created based on several sources, including,http://www.nhs.uk/ipgmedia/National/Macmillan%20Cancer%20Support/assets/MelphalanMCS5pages.pdf
http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/bloodjournal/100/1/224.full.pdf
Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23584492 | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29029544 | https://www.oncopeptides.se/en/about-ygalo/http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2011/014691s029lbl.pdf
Curator's Comment: description was created based on several sources, including,http://www.nhs.uk/ipgmedia/National/Macmillan%20Cancer%20Support/assets/MelphalanMCS5pages.pdf
http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/bloodjournal/100/1/224.full.pdf
Melphalan, also known as L-phenylalanine mustard, phenylalanine mustard, L-PAM, or L-sarcolysin, is a phenylalanine derivative of nitrogen mustard. Melphalan is a bifunctional alkylating agent which produces a number of DNA adducts with the DNA interstrand crosslink (ICL) considered to be the critical cytotoxic lesion. Melphalan is used to treat different cancers including myeloma, melanoma and ovarian cancer.
CNS Activity
Sources: http://pmj.bmj.com/content/64/749/232.full.pdf
Curator's Comment: Melphalan poorly penetrates the central nervous system.
Originator
Sources: https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800033866http://pmj.bmj.com/content/34/398/622.full.pdf
Curator's Comment: This substance was synthesized simultaneously both at the Chester Beatty Research Institute and in the Soviet Union.
Approval Year
Targets
Primary Target | Pharmacology | Condition | Potency |
---|---|---|---|
Target ID: CHEMBL2311221 |
Conditions
Condition | Modality | Targets | Highest Phase | Product |
---|---|---|---|---|
Palliative | ALKERAN Approved UseALKERAN Tablets are indicated for the palliative treatment of multiple myeloma and for the palliation of non-resectable epithelial carcinoma of the ovary. Launch Date1964 |
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Palliative | ALKERAN Approved UseALKERAN Tablets are indicated for the palliative treatment of multiple myeloma and for the palliation of non-resectable epithelial carcinoma of the ovary. Launch Date1964 |
Cmax
Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
---|---|---|---|---|
212 ng/mL |
0.25 mg/kg single, oral dose: 0.25 mg/kg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
MELPHALAN plasma | Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN |
AUC
Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
---|---|---|---|---|
12.84 mg × h/L EXPERIMENT https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26879446 |
200 mg/m² single, intravenous dose: 200 mg/m² route of administration: Intravenous experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
MELPHALAN plasma | Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: UNKNOWN |
|
498 ng × h/mL |
0.25 mg/kg single, oral dose: 0.25 mg/kg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
MELPHALAN plasma | Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN |
T1/2
Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 h |
0.25 mg/kg single, oral dose: 0.25 mg/kg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
MELPHALAN plasma | Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN |
Funbound
Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
---|---|---|---|---|
70% |
MELPHALAN plasma | Homo sapiens population: UNKNOWN age: UNKNOWN sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN |
Doses
Dose | Population | Adverse events |
---|---|---|
40 mg/m2 1 times / 3 weeks multiple, intravenous Highest studied dose Dose: 40 mg/m2, 1 times / 3 weeks Route: intravenous Route: multiple Dose: 40 mg/m2, 1 times / 3 weeks Sources: Page: p.60 |
unhealthy, 18–74 n = 7 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Advanced cancer Age Group: 18–74 Sex: M+F Population Size: 7 Sources: Page: p.60 |
DLT: Thrombocytopenia, Neutropenia... Dose limiting toxicities: Thrombocytopenia (grade 4, 57%) Sources: Page: p.60Neutropenia (grade 4, 57%) |
30 mg/m2 1 times / 3 weeks multiple, intravenous MTD Dose: 30 mg/m2, 1 times / 3 weeks Route: intravenous Route: multiple Dose: 30 mg/m2, 1 times / 3 weeks Sources: Page: p.60 |
unhealthy, 18–74 n = 9 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Advanced cancer Age Group: 18–74 Sex: M+F Population Size: 9 Sources: Page: p.60 |
DLT: Thrombocytopenia, Neutropenia... Dose limiting toxicities: Thrombocytopenia (grade 4, 44%) Sources: Page: p.60Neutropenia (grade 4, 44%) |
200 mg/m2 1 times / 70 days multiple, intravenous MTD Dose: 200 mg/m2, 1 times / 70 days Route: intravenous Route: multiple Dose: 200 mg/m2, 1 times / 70 days Sources: Page: p.248, 250 |
unhealthy, 33–65 n = 55 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Multiple myeloma Age Group: 33–65 Sex: M+F Population Size: 55 Sources: Page: p.248, 250 |
Disc. AE: Toxic reaction (NOS), Bacterial infection... AEs leading to discontinuation/dose reduction: Toxic reaction (NOS) (grade 4, 1.8%) Sources: Page: p.248, 250Bacterial infection (grade 5, 3.6%) Systemic herpes zoster infection (grade 5, 1.8%) |
100 mg/m2 1 times / day multiple, intravenous Recommended Dose: 100 mg/m2, 1 times / day Route: intravenous Route: multiple Dose: 100 mg/m2, 1 times / day Sources: Page: p.1 |
unhealthy Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Multiple myeloma Sources: Page: p.1 |
Disc. AE: Bone marrow depression, Hypersensitivity reaction... AEs leading to discontinuation/dose reduction: Bone marrow depression (severe) Sources: Page: p.1Hypersensitivity reaction (2%) Anaphylaxis Gastrointestinal toxicity Nausea Vomiting Diarrhea Mucositis oral Fetal damage Infertility |
AEs
AE | Significance | Dose | Population |
---|---|---|---|
Neutropenia | grade 4, 57% DLT |
40 mg/m2 1 times / 3 weeks multiple, intravenous Highest studied dose Dose: 40 mg/m2, 1 times / 3 weeks Route: intravenous Route: multiple Dose: 40 mg/m2, 1 times / 3 weeks Sources: Page: p.60 |
unhealthy, 18–74 n = 7 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Advanced cancer Age Group: 18–74 Sex: M+F Population Size: 7 Sources: Page: p.60 |
Thrombocytopenia | grade 4, 57% DLT |
40 mg/m2 1 times / 3 weeks multiple, intravenous Highest studied dose Dose: 40 mg/m2, 1 times / 3 weeks Route: intravenous Route: multiple Dose: 40 mg/m2, 1 times / 3 weeks Sources: Page: p.60 |
unhealthy, 18–74 n = 7 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Advanced cancer Age Group: 18–74 Sex: M+F Population Size: 7 Sources: Page: p.60 |
Neutropenia | grade 4, 44% DLT |
30 mg/m2 1 times / 3 weeks multiple, intravenous MTD Dose: 30 mg/m2, 1 times / 3 weeks Route: intravenous Route: multiple Dose: 30 mg/m2, 1 times / 3 weeks Sources: Page: p.60 |
unhealthy, 18–74 n = 9 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Advanced cancer Age Group: 18–74 Sex: M+F Population Size: 9 Sources: Page: p.60 |
Thrombocytopenia | grade 4, 44% DLT |
30 mg/m2 1 times / 3 weeks multiple, intravenous MTD Dose: 30 mg/m2, 1 times / 3 weeks Route: intravenous Route: multiple Dose: 30 mg/m2, 1 times / 3 weeks Sources: Page: p.60 |
unhealthy, 18–74 n = 9 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Advanced cancer Age Group: 18–74 Sex: M+F Population Size: 9 Sources: Page: p.60 |
Toxic reaction (NOS) | grade 4, 1.8% Disc. AE |
200 mg/m2 1 times / 70 days multiple, intravenous MTD Dose: 200 mg/m2, 1 times / 70 days Route: intravenous Route: multiple Dose: 200 mg/m2, 1 times / 70 days Sources: Page: p.248, 250 |
unhealthy, 33–65 n = 55 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Multiple myeloma Age Group: 33–65 Sex: M+F Population Size: 55 Sources: Page: p.248, 250 |
Systemic herpes zoster infection | grade 5, 1.8% Disc. AE |
200 mg/m2 1 times / 70 days multiple, intravenous MTD Dose: 200 mg/m2, 1 times / 70 days Route: intravenous Route: multiple Dose: 200 mg/m2, 1 times / 70 days Sources: Page: p.248, 250 |
unhealthy, 33–65 n = 55 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Multiple myeloma Age Group: 33–65 Sex: M+F Population Size: 55 Sources: Page: p.248, 250 |
Bacterial infection | grade 5, 3.6% Disc. AE |
200 mg/m2 1 times / 70 days multiple, intravenous MTD Dose: 200 mg/m2, 1 times / 70 days Route: intravenous Route: multiple Dose: 200 mg/m2, 1 times / 70 days Sources: Page: p.248, 250 |
unhealthy, 33–65 n = 55 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Multiple myeloma Age Group: 33–65 Sex: M+F Population Size: 55 Sources: Page: p.248, 250 |
Hypersensitivity reaction | 2% Disc. AE |
100 mg/m2 1 times / day multiple, intravenous Recommended Dose: 100 mg/m2, 1 times / day Route: intravenous Route: multiple Dose: 100 mg/m2, 1 times / day Sources: Page: p.1 |
unhealthy Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Multiple myeloma Sources: Page: p.1 |
Anaphylaxis | Disc. AE | 100 mg/m2 1 times / day multiple, intravenous Recommended Dose: 100 mg/m2, 1 times / day Route: intravenous Route: multiple Dose: 100 mg/m2, 1 times / day Sources: Page: p.1 |
unhealthy Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Multiple myeloma Sources: Page: p.1 |
Diarrhea | Disc. AE | 100 mg/m2 1 times / day multiple, intravenous Recommended Dose: 100 mg/m2, 1 times / day Route: intravenous Route: multiple Dose: 100 mg/m2, 1 times / day Sources: Page: p.1 |
unhealthy Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Multiple myeloma Sources: Page: p.1 |
Fetal damage | Disc. AE | 100 mg/m2 1 times / day multiple, intravenous Recommended Dose: 100 mg/m2, 1 times / day Route: intravenous Route: multiple Dose: 100 mg/m2, 1 times / day Sources: Page: p.1 |
unhealthy Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Multiple myeloma Sources: Page: p.1 |
Gastrointestinal toxicity | Disc. AE | 100 mg/m2 1 times / day multiple, intravenous Recommended Dose: 100 mg/m2, 1 times / day Route: intravenous Route: multiple Dose: 100 mg/m2, 1 times / day Sources: Page: p.1 |
unhealthy Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Multiple myeloma Sources: Page: p.1 |
Infertility | Disc. AE | 100 mg/m2 1 times / day multiple, intravenous Recommended Dose: 100 mg/m2, 1 times / day Route: intravenous Route: multiple Dose: 100 mg/m2, 1 times / day Sources: Page: p.1 |
unhealthy Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Multiple myeloma Sources: Page: p.1 |
Mucositis oral | Disc. AE | 100 mg/m2 1 times / day multiple, intravenous Recommended Dose: 100 mg/m2, 1 times / day Route: intravenous Route: multiple Dose: 100 mg/m2, 1 times / day Sources: Page: p.1 |
unhealthy Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Multiple myeloma Sources: Page: p.1 |
Nausea | Disc. AE | 100 mg/m2 1 times / day multiple, intravenous Recommended Dose: 100 mg/m2, 1 times / day Route: intravenous Route: multiple Dose: 100 mg/m2, 1 times / day Sources: Page: p.1 |
unhealthy Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Multiple myeloma Sources: Page: p.1 |
Vomiting | Disc. AE | 100 mg/m2 1 times / day multiple, intravenous Recommended Dose: 100 mg/m2, 1 times / day Route: intravenous Route: multiple Dose: 100 mg/m2, 1 times / day Sources: Page: p.1 |
unhealthy Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Multiple myeloma Sources: Page: p.1 |
Bone marrow depression | severe Disc. AE |
100 mg/m2 1 times / day multiple, intravenous Recommended Dose: 100 mg/m2, 1 times / day Route: intravenous Route: multiple Dose: 100 mg/m2, 1 times / day Sources: Page: p.1 |
unhealthy Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Multiple myeloma Sources: Page: p.1 |
PubMed
Title | Date | PubMed |
---|---|---|
Melphalan-resistant multiple myeloma: results of treatment according to the M-2 protocol. | 1985 |
|
Reduced bone marrow stem cell pool and progenitor mobilisation in multiple myeloma after melphalan treatment. | 1999 Dec |
|
Amifostine can reduce mucosal damage after high-dose melphalan conditioning for peripheral blood progenitor cellautotransplant: a retrospective study. | 2000 Aug |
|
Phase II trial of sequential high-dose chemotherapy with paclitaxel, melphalan and cyclophosphamide, thiotepa and carboplatin with peripheral blood progenitor support in women with responding metastatic breast cancer. | 2002 Aug |
|
In children and adolescents, the pharmacodynamics of high-dose busulfan is dependent on the second alkylating agent used in the combined regimen (melphalan or thiotepa). | 2003 Nov |
|
Effective use of high-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell rescue for relapsed adult Wilms' tumor and a novel alteration in intron 1 of the WT1 gene. | 2004 Dec |
|
Overexpression of glutathione-S-transferase, MGSTII, confers resistance to busulfan and melphalan. | 2005 |
|
Cross-talk between DNA damage and cell survival checkpoints during G2 and mitosis: pharmacologic implications. | 2005 Dec |
|
Prediction of genotoxicity of chemical compounds by statistical learning methods. | 2005 Jun |
|
[White blood cell lysis syndrome after autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation in the treatment of renal AL amyloidosis. Case report]. | 2006 Jun |
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Fatal leukoencephalopathy after reduced-intensity allogeneic stem cell transplantation. | 2007 Feb |
|
Cross-linking of the DNA repair protein Omicron6-alkylguanine DNA alkyltransferase to DNA in the presence of antitumor nitrogen mustards. | 2008 Apr |
|
Safety and efficacy of bortezomib and melphalan combination in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma: updated results of a phase 1/2 study after longer follow-up. | 2008 Aug |
|
Heterogeneity of human glioblastoma: glutathione-S-transferase and methylguanine-methyltransferase. | 2008 Jul |
|
Long-term risk of myelodysplasia in melphalan-treated patients with immunoglobulin light-chain amyloidosis. | 2008 Sep |
|
Development of rapid light-chain deposition disease in hepatic arteries with severe ischemic cholangitis in a multiple myeloma patient treated with melphalan, prednisone and lenalidomide. | 2009 Jan |
|
Multiple myeloma developing after imatinib mesylate therapy for chronic myeloid leukemia. | 2009 Mar |
|
Efficacy and safety of once-weekly bortezomib in multiple myeloma patients. | 2010 Dec 2 |
|
Glutathione S-transferase M1 inhibits dexamethasone-induced apoptosis in association with the suppression of Bim through dual mechanisms in a lymphoblastic leukemia cell line. | 2010 Mar |
|
Risk factors for, and reversibility of, peripheral neuropathy associated with bortezomib-melphalan-prednisone in newly diagnosed patients with multiple myeloma: subanalysis of the phase 3 VISTA study. | 2011 Jan |
|
FDA-approved drugs and other compounds tested as inhibitors of human glutathione transferase P1-1. | 2013 Sep 5 |
Patents
Sample Use Guides
In Vivo Use Guide
Sources: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03151811
Curator's Comment: IV dose is 16 mg/m2
Phase 3 clinical study (OCEAN, OP-103). Melflufen 40 mg i.v. on Day 1 and dexamethasone 40 mg on Days 1, 8, 15 and 22 of each 28-day cycle.
Route of Administration:
Intravenous
In Vitro Use Guide
Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27044263
Curator's Comment: RPMI-8226 (multiple myeloma) cells were treated with 10 uM or 100 uM of melphalan.
Melflufen showed activity with cytotoxic IC50-values in the submicromolar range (0.011-0.92 μM) in the cell lines. In the primary cultures melflufen yielded slightly lower IC50-values (2.7 nM to 0.55 μM). Treated cell lines exhibited a clear accumulation in the G2/M-phase of the cell cycle.
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Classification Tree | Code System | Code | ||
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NCI_THESAURUS |
C697
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NCI_THESAURUS |
C1742
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EU-Orphan Drug |
EU/3/15/1463
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DTXSID40191461
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9935639
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2531369
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Melphalan flufenamide
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100000177159
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GH-114
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F70C5K4786
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C107680
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380449-51-4
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9493
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ACTIVE MOIETY
METABOLITE (PARENT)
SALT/SOLVATE (PARENT)
SUBSTANCE RECORD