SILICON DIOXIDE

US Approved OTC

First approved in 1952

Details

Stereochemistry	ACHIRAL
Molecular Formula	O2Si
Molecular Weight	60.0842
Optical Activity	NONE
Defined Stereocenters	0 / 0
E/Z Centers	0
Charge	0

SHOW SMILES / InChI

Structure Search

SMILES

O=[Si]=O

InChI

InChIKey=VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N

InChI=1S/O2Si/c1-3-2

HIDE SMILES / InChI

Description
Sources: https://www.drugs.com/inactive/silicon-dioxide-170.html
Curator's Comment:: description was created based on several sources, including https://web.archive.org/web/20130418061428/http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/fcn/gras_notices/GRN000321.pdf

Silicon dioxide (silica) is most commonly found in nature as quartz, as well as in various living organisms. Silicon dioxide one of the most complex and most abundant families of materials, existing both as several minerals and being produced synthetically. In food and pharmaceutical industry silica is a common additive, where it is used primarily as a flow in powdered foods, or to adsorb water in hygroscopic application. In pharmaceutical products, silica aids powder flow when tablets are formed.

Approval Year

Targets

Primary Target	Pharmacology	Condition	Potency
Macrophage receptor MARCO 3 Target ID: Q9UEW3 Gene ID: 8685.0 Gene Symbol: MARCO Target Organism: Homo sapiens (Human) Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18836211 \| https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB11132 \| https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17351471	Binding Agent 996

Conditions

Condition	Modality	Highest Phase	Product
Pain 580 Sources: https://www.drugs.com/inactive/silicon-dioxide-170.html https://www.genome.jp/dbget-bin/www_bget?dr:D06522	Inactive ingredient	Approved 8043	Oxycodone Hydrochloride Approved Use Oxycodone is used in the treatment of chronic pain; pain and belongs to the drug class narcotic analgesics. Launch Date 9.0935997E11
Gastrointestinal disorders 93 Sources: https://www.avogel.co.uk/silicolgel/ https://www.silicol.co.uk/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22536219	Primary	Approved 8043	Silicol gel Approved Use Silicol gel is an oral gel containing colloidal silicic acid for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. Taken 3 times a day it helps manage symptoms and provides relief for gastrointestinal discomfort.
Heartburn 20 Sources: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=92fbeec1-1562-40f3-9734-41f133d494f9&type=display	Primary	Approved 8043	GELUSIL Approved Use Uses Relieves: heartburn sour stomach acid indigestion bloating, pressure and discomfort commonly referred to as gas Launch Date 1.22221442E12

PubMed

Title	Date	PubMed
Increased expression of manganese-containing superoxide dismutase in rat lungs after inhalation of inflammatory and fibrogenic minerals.	1994 Mar	8063194
Silicate antibodies in women with silicone breast implants: development of an assay for detection of humoral immunity.	1996 Mar	8991630
Emergency room visits for respiratory conditions in children increased after Guagua Pichincha volcanic eruptions in April 2000 in Quito, Ecuador observational study: time series analysis.	2007 Jul 24	17650330
Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) as hazard marker for lung injury induced by dusts.	2007 Mar	17365031
Assessing toxicity of fine and nanoparticles: comparing in vitro measurements to in vivo pulmonary toxicity profiles.	2007 May	17301066
Quartz inhibits glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase in murine alveolar macrophages.	2008 Apr	18370412
Silica crystals and aluminum salts activate the NALP3 inflammasome through phagosomal destabilization.	2008 Aug	18604214
Curcumin protects against cytotoxic and inflammatory effects of quartz particles but causes oxidative DNA damage in a rat lung epithelial cell line.	2008 Feb 15	18001810
Genetic polymorphisms of IL-1A, IL-1B, IL-1RN, NFKB1, FAS, and FASL, and risk of silicosis in a Chinese occupational population.	2008 Nov	18666137
Ascorbic acid pre-treated quartz stimulates TNF-alpha release in RAW 264.7 murine macrophages through ROS production and membrane lipid peroxidation.	2009 Mar 19	19298665
Cytokine and chemokine expression patterns in lung epithelial cells exposed to components characteristic of particulate air pollution.	2009 May 2	19428942
Copper oxide nanoparticles induce oxidative stress and cytotoxicity in airway epithelial cells.	2009 Oct	19699289
Oxidative stress of silica nanoparticles in human bronchial epithelial cell, Beas-2B.	2009 Oct	19602432
Role of IL-1 beta and COX2 in silica-induced IL-6 release and loss of pneumocytes in co-cultures.	2009 Oct	19580863
Investigation of the cytotoxic and proinflammatory effects of cement dusts in rat alveolar macrophages.	2009 Sep	19697923
Nano-SiO2 induces apoptosis via activation of p53 and Bax mediated by oxidative stress in human hepatic cell line.	2010 Apr	20060462
IL-17A-producing gammadelta T and Th17 lymphocytes mediate lung inflammation but not fibrosis in experimental silicosis.	2010 Jun 1	20421647
Inhibition of a protein tyrosine phosphatase using mesoporous oxides.	2010 Mar 11	20163174
Blood gene expression profiling detects silica exposure and toxicity.	2011 Aug	21602193
Altered microRNAs expression profiling in experimental silicosis rats.	2012	23208435
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) regulates silica-induced inflammation but not fibrosis.	2012 Apr	22273745
Silica nanoparticles and silver-doped silica nanoparticles induce endoplasmatic reticulum stress response and alter cytochrome P4501A activity.	2012 Apr	22245057
Apoptosis induction by silica nanoparticles mediated through reactive oxygen species in human liver cell line HepG2.	2012 Mar 1	22245848
Methylation of PARP-1 promoter involved in the regulation of nano-SiO2-induced decrease of PARP-1 mRNA expression.	2012 Mar 25	22265868
Mechanisms of toxicity of amorphous silica nanoparticles on human lung submucosal cells in vitro: protective effects of fisetin.	2012 Oct 15	22931364
Activation of Egr-1 in human lung epithelial cells exposed to silica through MAPKs signaling pathways.	2013	23874821
New insight into artifactual phenomena during in vitro toxicity assessment of engineered nanoparticles: study of TNF-α adsorption on alumina oxide nanoparticle.	2013 Apr	23402729
Molecular insights into the progression of crystalline silica-induced pulmonary toxicity in rats.	2013 Apr	22431001
The NLRP3 inflammasome affects DNA damage responses after oxidative and genotoxic stress in dendritic cells.	2013 Aug	23619996
Transcriptional responses of human aortic endothelial cells to nanoconstructs used in biomedical applications.	2013 Aug 5	23806026
Cellular internalization and stress response of ingested amorphous silica nanoparticles in the midgut of Drosophila melanogaster.	2013 Jan	23046978
Toxicogenomic analysis of the particle dose- and size-response relationship of silica particles-induced toxicity in mice.	2013 Jan 11	23221170
Biological effects induced by BSA-stabilized silica nanoparticles in mammalian cell lines.	2013 Jun 25	23623845
Neutralization of interleukin-1 beta attenuates silica-induced lung inflammation and fibrosis in C57BL/6 mice.	2013 Nov	23640035
Suppression of thioredoxin system contributes to silica-induced oxidative stress and pulmonary fibrogenesis in rats.	2013 Oct 9	23973437
PDGF-D expression is down-regulated by TGFβ in fibroblasts.	2014	25280005
Involvement of P2Y11 receptor in silica nanoparticles 30-induced IL-6 production by human keratinocytes.	2014 Aug 1	24793913
Silica nanoparticles induce cytokine responses in lung epithelial cells through activation of a p38/TACE/TGF-α/EGFR-pathway and NF-κΒ signalling.	2014 Aug 15	24844442
Uptake of silica nanoparticles: neurotoxicity and Alzheimer-like pathology in human SK-N-SH and mouse neuro2a neuroblastoma cells.	2014 Aug 17	24831964
Inflammation and gene expression in the rat lung after instillation of silica nanoparticles: effect of size, dispersion medium and particle surface charge.	2014 Jan 3	24466574
Purinergic signaling via P2X7 receptor mediates IL-1β production in Kupffer cells exposed to silica nanoparticle.	2014 Jul 3	24685903
Role of size and surface area for pro-inflammatory responses to silica nanoparticles in epithelial lung cells: importance of exposure conditions.	2014 Mar	24211531
Si/SiO2 quantum dots cause cytotoxicity in lung cells through redox homeostasis imbalance.	2014 Sep 5	24992398
miR-98 and its host gene Huwe1 target Caspase-3 in Silica nanoparticles-treated male germ cells.	2015 Aug 11	26263183
Toxicity, genotoxicity and proinflammatory effects of amorphous nanosilica in the human intestinal Caco-2 cell line.	2015 Mar	25448807
Aberrant cytokinesis and cell fusion result in multinucleation in HepG2 cells exposed to silica nanoparticles.	2015 Mar 16	25625797
Role of human pulmonary fibroblast-derived MCP-1 in cell activation and migration in experimental silicosis.	2015 Oct 15	26163174
Complex responses to Si quantum dots accumulation in carp liver tissue: Beyond oxidative stress.	2015 Sep 5	26079203
Common and distinct mechanisms of induced pulmonary fibrosis by particulate and soluble chemical fibrogenic agents.	2016 Feb	26345256
Effects of silica exposure on the cardiac and renal inflammatory and fibrotic response and the antagonistic role of interleukin-1 beta in C57BL/6 mice.	2016 Feb	25388157

Patents

Sample Use Guides

In Vivo Use Guide

To treat gastrointestinal disorders, take one tablespoon (15ml) of silicol®gel (containing silicic acid which is a compound of silicon and oxygen) three times daily, preferably before mealtimes. After acute symptoms ease, treatment is recommended for another few days. For chronic conditions, treat for up to four weeks and then take a break to re-assess symptoms.

Route of Administration: Oral

In Vitro Use Guide

Unknown

Name

Type

Language

SILICON DIOXIDE

Common Name

English

SILICATE [VANDF]

Common Name

English

SYLOID SILICA GEL [VANDF]

Common Name

English

SILICON DIOXIDE COMPONENT OF SIMETHICONE

Common Name

English

SILICON DIOXIDE, AMORPHOUS

Common Name

English

SAND [INCI]

Common Name

English

SAND	Locators: INCI Naming Organization: INCI Sources:

Official Name

English

SILICA GEL [WHO-DD]

Common Name

English

SYLOID 244 [VANDF]

Common Name

English

SILICA GEL [VANDF]

Common Name

English

SILICA, AMORPHOUS [IARC]

Common Name

English

SILICONE DIOXIDE [VANDF]

Common Name

English

SILICON DIOXIDE [VANDF]

Common Name

English

SILICA [INCI]

Common Name

English

SILICA GEL

Common Name

English

SILICON DIOXIDE [II]

Common Name

English

SIMETHICONE COMPONENT SILICON DIOXIDE

Common Name

English

SILICA

Official Name

English

E-551

Code

English

SILICON DIOXIDE [FCC]

Common Name

English

SILICON DIOXIDE [WHO-DD]

Common Name

English

INS NO.551

Code

English

INS-551

Code

English

SILICA AEROGEL

Common Name

English

Classification Tree Code System Code

CFR

21 CFR 178.3297