Details
Stereochemistry | ACHIRAL |
Molecular Formula | C16H14ClN3O |
Molecular Weight | 299.755 |
Optical Activity | NONE |
Defined Stereocenters | 0 / 0 |
E/Z Centers | 0 |
Charge | 0 |
SHOW SMILES / InChI
SMILES
CNC1=NC2=C(C=C(Cl)C=C2)C(C3=CC=CC=C3)=[N+]([O-])C1
InChI
InChIKey=ANTSCNMPPGJYLG-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI=1S/C16H14ClN3O/c1-18-15-10-20(21)16(11-5-3-2-4-6-11)13-9-12(17)7-8-14(13)19-15/h2-9H,10H2,1H3,(H,18,19)
DescriptionCurator's Comment: description was created based on several sources, including
https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00136617 | https://www.drugs.com/pro/chlordiazepoxide.html | https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03012815 | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6135616 | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6304314
Curator's Comment: description was created based on several sources, including
https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00136617 | https://www.drugs.com/pro/chlordiazepoxide.html | https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03012815 | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6135616 | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6304314
Chlordiazepoxide (trade name Librium) is a sedative and hypnotic medication of the benzodiazepine class. Chlordiazepoxide is indicated for the management of anxiety disorders or for the short-term relief of symptoms of anxiety, withdrawal symptoms of acute alcoholism, and preoperative apprehension and anxiety. Anxiety or tension associated with the stress of everyday life usually does not require treatment with an anxiolytic. The effectiveness of Librium in long-term use, that is, more than 4 months, has not been assessed by systematic clinical studies. Chlordiazepoxide acts on benzodiazepine allosteric sites that are part of the GABAA receptor/ion-channel complex and this results in an increased binding of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA to the GABAA receptor thereby producing inhibitory effects on the central nervous system and body similar to the effects of other benzodiazepines. Chlordiazepoxide act via micromolar benzodiazepine binding sites as Ca2+ channel blockers and significantly inhibit depolarization-sensitive Calcium uptake in animal nerve terminal preparations. The withdrawal of chlordiazepoxide during pregnancy and breastfeeding is recommended, as chlordiazepoxide rapidly crosses the placenta and also is excreted in breast milk. Chlordiazepoxide is a long-acting benzodiazepine drug. The half-life of Chlordiazepoxide is 5 – 30 hours but has an active benzodiazepine metabolite (desmethyldiazepam), which has a half-life of 36 – 200 hours. The necessity of discontinuing therapy because of undesirable effects has been rare. Drowsiness, ataxia and confusion have been reported in some patients — particularly the elderly and debilitated. While these effects can be avoided in almost all instances by proper dosage adjustment, they have occasionally been observed at the lower dosage ranges. In a few instances syncope has been reported.
CNS Activity
Approval Year
Targets
Primary Target | Pharmacology | Condition | Potency |
---|---|---|---|
Target ID: CHEMBL2094121 Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15537339 |
605.0 nM [Ki] | ||
Target ID: CHEMBL2094130 Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15537339 |
392.0 nM [Ki] | ||
Target ID: CHEMBL2094120 Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15537339 |
471.0 nM [Ki] | ||
Target ID: CHEMBL2094122 Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15537339 |
368.0 nM [Ki] | ||
Target ID: CHEMBL2093872 Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6135616 |
Conditions
Condition | Modality | Targets | Highest Phase | Product |
---|---|---|---|---|
Primary | LIBRELEASE Approved UseChlordiazepoxide HCl capsules USP are indicated for the management of anxiety disorders or for the short term relief of symptoms of anxiety, withdrawal symptoms of acute alcoholism, and preoperative apprehension and anxiety. Anxiety or tension associated with the stress of everyday life usually does not require treatment with an anxiolytic. The effectiveness of chlordiazepoxide HCl capsules USP in long term use, that is, more than 4 months, has not been assessed by systematic clinical studies. The physician should periodically reassess the usefulness of the drug for the individual patient. Launch Date1983 |
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Primary | LIBRELEASE Approved UseChlordiazepoxide HCl capsules USP are indicated for the management of anxiety disorders or for the short term relief of symptoms of anxiety, withdrawal symptoms of acute alcoholism, and preoperative apprehension and anxiety. Anxiety or tension associated with the stress of everyday life usually does not require treatment with an anxiolytic. The effectiveness of chlordiazepoxide HCl capsules USP in long term use, that is, more than 4 months, has not been assessed by systematic clinical studies. The physician should periodically reassess the usefulness of the drug for the individual patient. Launch Date1983 |
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Primary | LIBRELEASE Approved UseChlordiazepoxide HCl capsules USP are indicated for the management of anxiety disorders or for the short term relief of symptoms of anxiety, withdrawal symptoms of acute alcoholism, and preoperative apprehension and anxiety. Anxiety or tension associated with the stress of everyday life usually does not require treatment with an anxiolytic. The effectiveness of chlordiazepoxide HCl capsules USP in long term use, that is, more than 4 months, has not been assessed by systematic clinical studies. The physician should periodically reassess the usefulness of the drug for the individual patient. Launch Date1983 |
Cmax
Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
---|---|---|---|---|
0.86 μg/mL EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/359214 |
25 mg single, oral dose: 25 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
CHLORDIAZEPOXIDE blood | Homo sapiens population: UNKNOWN age: ADULT sex: MALE food status: UNKNOWN |
|
1.65 μg/mL EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/359214 |
50 mg single, oral dose: 50 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
CHLORDIAZEPOXIDE blood | Homo sapiens population: UNKNOWN age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: UNKNOWN |
|
0.84 μg/mL EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7286030 |
25 mg single, intramuscular dose: 25 mg route of administration: Intramuscular experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
CHLORDIAZEPOXIDE plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: MALE food status: UNKNOWN |
|
0.69 μg/mL EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7286030 |
25 mg single, intramuscular dose: 25 mg route of administration: Intramuscular experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
CHLORDIAZEPOXIDE plasma | Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: MALE food status: UNKNOWN |
AUC
Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
---|---|---|---|---|
7.16 μg × h/mL EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/770046 |
25 mg single, oral dose: 25 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
CHLORDIAZEPOXIDE blood | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: MALE food status: FASTED |
|
26.7 μg × h/mL EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7286030 |
25 mg single, intramuscular dose: 25 mg route of administration: Intramuscular experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
CHLORDIAZEPOXIDE plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: MALE food status: UNKNOWN |
|
53.6 μg × h/mL EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7286030 |
25 mg single, intramuscular dose: 25 mg route of administration: Intramuscular experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
CHLORDIAZEPOXIDE plasma | Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: MALE food status: UNKNOWN |
T1/2
Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
---|---|---|---|---|
8.4 h EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/770046 |
25 mg single, oral dose: 25 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
CHLORDIAZEPOXIDE blood | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: MALE food status: FASTED |
|
16.5 h EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7286030 |
25 mg single, intramuscular dose: 25 mg route of administration: Intramuscular experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
CHLORDIAZEPOXIDE plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: MALE food status: UNKNOWN |
|
40.1 h EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7286030 |
25 mg single, intramuscular dose: 25 mg route of administration: Intramuscular experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
CHLORDIAZEPOXIDE plasma | Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: MALE food status: UNKNOWN |
Funbound
Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
---|---|---|---|---|
95.5% EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/359214 |
CHLORDIAZEPOXIDE plasma | Homo sapiens population: UNKNOWN age: UNKNOWN sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN |
Doses
Dose | Population | Adverse events |
---|---|---|
200 mg single, oral Highest studied dose |
unhealthy, 24-74 years Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: 24-74 years Sex: M+F Sources: |
|
20 mg 3 times / day multiple, oral Studied dose Dose: 20 mg, 3 times / day Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 20 mg, 3 times / day Co-administed with:: opioids Sources: |
unhealthy, adult Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Severe Anxiety Disorders Age Group: adult Sources: |
Disc. AE: Sedation, Coma... AEs leading to discontinuation/dose reduction: Sedation Sources: Coma Respiratory depression |
AEs
AE | Significance | Dose | Population |
---|---|---|---|
Coma | Disc. AE | 20 mg 3 times / day multiple, oral Studied dose Dose: 20 mg, 3 times / day Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 20 mg, 3 times / day Co-administed with:: opioids Sources: |
unhealthy, adult Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Severe Anxiety Disorders Age Group: adult Sources: |
Respiratory depression | Disc. AE | 20 mg 3 times / day multiple, oral Studied dose Dose: 20 mg, 3 times / day Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 20 mg, 3 times / day Co-administed with:: opioids Sources: |
unhealthy, adult Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Severe Anxiety Disorders Age Group: adult Sources: |
Sedation | Disc. AE | 20 mg 3 times / day multiple, oral Studied dose Dose: 20 mg, 3 times / day Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 20 mg, 3 times / day Co-administed with:: opioids Sources: |
unhealthy, adult Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Severe Anxiety Disorders Age Group: adult Sources: |
Overview
CYP3A4 | CYP2C9 | CYP2D6 | hERG |
---|---|---|---|
OverviewOther
Other Inhibitor | Other Substrate | Other Inducer |
---|---|---|
Drug as perpetrator
Target | Modality | Activity | Metabolite | Clinical evidence |
---|---|---|---|---|
Page: 251.0 |
likely | |||
no | ||||
no | ||||
Page: 344.0 |
yes [IC50 300 uM] |
Drug as victim
Target | Modality | Activity | Metabolite | Clinical evidence |
---|---|---|---|---|
Page: 1.0 |
likely | |||
Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27317413/ Page: 1476.0 |
major | |||
Sources: https://europepmc.org/article/med/18646550 Page: 311.0 |
yes | |||
yes |
PubMed
Title | Date | PubMed |
---|---|---|
Cholestatic jaundice associated with chlordiazepoxide hydrochloride (Librium) therapy. Report of a case and review of the literature. | 1967 Aug |
|
Chlordiazepoxide and hallucinations. Report of cases. | 1968 Sep |
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Unusual effect of fenfluramine. | 1969 Nov 29 |
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Hypotensive effects of chlordiazepoxide, amobarbital and chlorpromazine on behaviorally induced elevated arterial blood pressure in the squirrel monkey. | 1970 Jun |
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Clinical electronystagmography. | 1971 Jan |
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Clinical toxicity of chlordiazepoxide and diazepam in relation to serum albumin concentration: a report from the Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program. | 1974 Jul 26 |
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Letter: Psychotic symptoms due to meperidine intoxication. | 1974 Jun 8 |
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Bromazepam, medazepam, chlordiazepoxide in treatment of neurotic anxiety. | 1974 May |
|
Disulfiram hypersensitivity hepatitis. | 1974 Oct 21 |
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The antinicotinic effects of drugs with clinically useful sedative-antianxiety properties. | 1975 |
|
Cataleptic and anticataleptic effects of muscimol and gabaculine injected into globus pallidus and substantia nigra, and interactions with haloperidol or benzodiazepines. | 1978 Dec |
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Neuroleptic-induced acute dyskinesias in rhesus monkeys. | 1981 |
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Differential diagnosis of cimetidine-induced delirium. | 1981 Mar |
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Opposite effects of chlordiazepoxide and serotonin receptor antagonists on morphine-induced locomotor stimulation in mice. | 1982 |
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Effect of benzodiazepines on the central action of narcotic analgesics. | 1982 |
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Acute lithium-induced tremor. | 1983 Jul |
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Incidence and potentiation of external and internal fetal anomalies resulting from chlordiazepoxide and amitriptyline alone and in combination. | 1984 Aug |
|
Chlordiazepoxide enhances the anxiogenic action of CGS 8216 in the social interaction test: evidence for benzodiazepine withdrawal? | 1985 Jul |
|
Antagonism of drug-induced yawning and penile erections in rats. | 1986 Mar 18 |
|
Hyperactivity induced by dexamphetamine/chlordiazepoxide mixtures in rats and its attenuation by lithium pretreatment: a role for dopamine? | 1987 |
|
The effects of lindane, DDT, and chlordecone on avoidance responding and seizure activity. | 1987 Mar 30 |
|
Inhibition of the binding and the behavioral effects of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) by the triazolobenzodiazepines. | 1988 May |
|
Reversal of increased anxiety during benzodiazepine withdrawal: evidence for an anxiogenic endogenous ligand for the benzodiazepine receptor. | 1988 May |
|
Anticonvulsive and convulsive effects of lidocaine: comparison with those of phenytoin, and implications for mechanism of action concepts. | 1988 Sep |
|
Use of receptor antagonist in elucidating the mechanism of action of TRH in GH3 cells. | 1989 |
|
Evidence that the increased anxiety detected in the elevated plus-maze during chlordiazepoxide withdrawal is not due to enhanced noradrenergic activity. | 1989 Dec |
|
Caffeine-induced anxiogenesis: the role of adenosine, benzodiazepine and noradrenergic receptors. | 1989 Jan |
|
Chlordiazepoxide metabolite accumulation in liver disease. | 1989 Jan-Feb |
|
Inhibition by antimanic drugs of hyperactivity induced by methamphetamine-chlordiazepoxide mixture in mice. | 1990 Apr |
|
Expression cloning of a cDNA encoding the mouse pituitary thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor. | 1990 Dec |
|
Effects of DM-9384, a pyrrolidone derivative, on alcohol- and chlordiazepoxide-induced amnesia in mice. | 1990 Jun |
|
Absence of tumor initiating effect in the liver of rats treated with chlordiazepoxide plus sodium nitrite. | 1990 Sep-Oct |
|
Prenatal oxazepam enhances mouse maternal aggression in the offspring, without modifying acute chlordiazepoxide effects. | 1991 Jan-Feb |
|
Transdermal clonidine versus chlordiazepoxide in alcohol withdrawal: a randomized, controlled clinical trial. | 1991 Mar |
|
Magnesium valproate attenuates hyperactivity induced by dexamphetamine-chlordiazepoxide mixture in rodents. | 1993 Jun 24 |
|
The attenuation of suppression of motility by triazolam in the conditioned fear stress task is exacerbated by ethanol in mice. | 1995 |
|
Microinfusion of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide into the central nucleus of amygdala of the rat produces a shift from an active to passive mode of coping in the shock-probe fear/defensive burying test. | 2007 |
|
Emerging synergisms between drugs and physiologically-patterned weak magnetic fields: implications for neuropharmacology and the human population in the twenty-first century. | 2007 Dec |
|
Involvement of noradrenergic and corticoid receptors in the consolidation of the lasting anxiogenic effects of predator stress. | 2007 May 16 |
|
Pharmacological modulation of stress reactivity dissociates general learning ability from the propensity for exploration. | 2007 Oct |
|
Palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia caused by mercaptopurine and mesalamine. | 2008 Aug |
|
Overlapping and distinct brain regions associated with the anxiolytic effects of chlordiazepoxide and chronic fluoxetine. | 2008 Aug |
|
Repeated antipsychotic treatment progressively potentiates inhibition on phencyclidine-induced hyperlocomotion, but attenuates inhibition on amphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion: relevance to animal models of antipsychotic drugs. | 2009 Jan 14 |
|
Effects of neuronal Kv7 potassium channel activators on hyperactivity in a rodent model of mania. | 2009 Mar 17 |
|
A transposon in Comt generates mRNA variants and causes widespread expression and behavioral differences among mice. | 2010 Aug 17 |
|
Interference with bile salt export pump function is a susceptibility factor for human liver injury in drug development. | 2010 Dec |
|
Acute liver failure after administration of paracetamol at the maximum recommended daily dose in adults. | 2010 Dec 2 |
|
Hydroxyzine for generalised anxiety disorder. | 2010 Dec 8 |
|
Relations between open-field, elevated plus-maze, and emergence tests in C57BL/6J and BALB/c mice injected with GABA- and 5HT-anxiolytic agents. | 2010 Jun |
|
A dopaminergic gene cluster in the prefrontal cortex predicts performance indicative of general intelligence in genetically heterogeneous mice. | 2010 Nov 17 |
Patents
Sample Use Guides
Relief of Mild and Moderate Anxiety Disorders and Symptoms of Anxiety: 5 mg or 10 mg, 3 or 4 times daily
Relief of Severe Anxiety Disorders and Symptoms of Anxiety: 20 mg or 25 mg, 3 or 4 times daily
Geriatric Patients, or in the presence of debilitating disease: 5 mg, 2 to 4 times daily
Route of Administration:
Oral
In Vitro Use Guide
Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6304314
Eight concentrations of Chlordiazepoxide were added to tubes containing rat brain membranes and [3H]diazepam at a final concentration of 4 mkM. After incubation at 30 C for 10 min, followed by 4 C for 20 min, reactions were terminated by vacuum filtration through Whatman GF/C glass-fiber filters. Nonspecific binding was determined in the presence of 4 mkM unlabeled diazepam. The IC50 of a compound was that concentration resulting in 50% inhibition of [3H]diazepam binding to the membrane fraction.
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Classification Tree | Code System | Code | ||
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WHO-VATC |
QN05BA02
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NDF-RT |
N0000007542
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WHO-ATC |
N05BA02
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NCI_THESAURUS |
C1012
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LIVERTOX |
NBK548339
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DEA NO. |
2744
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NDF-RT |
N0000175694
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CHLORDIAZEPOXIDE
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Chlordiazepoxide
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ACTIVE MOIETY
METABOLITE LESS ACTIVE (PARENT)
SALT/SOLVATE (PARENT)
SALT/SOLVATE (PARENT)