Chlorophyll is a green pigment present in plants, as well as in eukaryotic single-celled algae and in several photosynthetic prokaryotes (the cyanobacteria and prochlorophytes), it plays crucial role in photosynthesis. The initial step in photosynthesis is the absorption of light by chlorophylls attached to proteins in the thylakoid membranes. Like cytochromes, chlorophylls consist of a porphyrin ring attached to a long hydrocarbon side chain. The energy of the absorbed light is used to remove electrons from an unwilling donor (water, in green plants), forming oxygen, and then to transfer the electrons to a primary electron acceptor, a quinone designated Q, which is similar to CoQ. Chlorophyll derivatives Radachlorin/Bremachlorin and Radachlorophyll/Bremachlorophyll are actually a second generation photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy of malignant and benign pathologies. Radachlorophyll/Bremachlorophyll may change blood lipids and pressure, including: (1) reduced total cholesterol; (2) increased HDL cholesterol; (3) reduced triglycerides; and (4) reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressure as well as immunomodulating properties. As a dietary supplement chlorophyll supports multiple body systems: provides antioxidant activity, supports vascular health, supports the body's normal immune system function, provides cardiovascular support, maintains skin and hair health. Chlorophylls (E140) is used as a food additive.
Originator
Sources: https://books.google.ru/books?id=I3gy4r-aBusC&printsec=frontcover&hl=ru#v=onepage&q&f=false
Curator's Comment: 1818
Approval Year
Conditions
Condition | Modality | Targets | Highest Phase | Product |
---|---|---|---|---|
Primary | Bremachlorin Approved UseBremachlorin® is used as a photosensitizer to enhance the effectiveness of photodynamic therapy (PDT). Research has demonstrated that it can be used to destroy malignant cancers of various cell types both independently and as an adjunct to chemotherapy or radiotherapy. When combined with these conventional treatments, PDT can have either additive or synergistic cytotoxic effects against cancer; however, PDT must always precede chemotherapy and follow radiotherapy. Use of Bremachlorin® during a course of intraoperative PDT may help prevent the formation of implantation metastases. |
Sample Use Guides
In Vivo Use Guide
Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24670123 http://radapharma.com/Bremachlorin_instruction https://www.standardprocess.com/Products/Standard-Process/Chlorophyll-Complex#.WU43P5Lyizc http://www.pennherb.com/chlorophyll-tablets-ennds-100-tablets-A60B http://www.livestrong.com/article/489526-what-are-the-benefits-of-drinking-liquid-chlorophyll/
Adult (age ≥18)
Oral
• Bad breath: Anecdotally, 100 mg of chlorophyll has been taken two or three times
daily.
• Leukopenia: 40 mg of sodium copper chlorophyllin (YebaikeTM tablet) has been
taken three times daily for 1 month (Gao & Hu, 2005).
• Protection from aflatoxins: 100 mg of chlorophyllin has been taken three times
daily for 4 months (Egner et al., (2001)).
• Reduction of odor from incontinence/bladder catheterization: 100 mg of chlorophyllin
(DerifilR ) has been taken daily for 2 weeks (Nahata, Slencsak, & Kamp,
1983). 75 mg of chlorophyll has been used three times daily (Christiansen,
Byel, Stromsted, Stenderup, & Eickhoff, 1989). According to secondary sources,
300 mg of chorophyll has been used daily if odor was still not controlled and 1–2
tablets of 100 mg chorophyll each have been placed in the empty pouch each time
it is reused or changed in a patient who has had an ostomy.
Topical
• Burns and wounds: Theoretical evidence suggests that chlorophyll aids in the
growth of new tissue when applied topically; however, reliable scientific evidence
is lacking to suggest dosage application and/or form.
• Cancer treatment: 0.1 g/cm2 of RadachlorinR gel has been applied topically during
1–3 hr of exposure to 400—800 J/cm2 of light therapy in two sessions over
4 weeks, three sessions over 1 week, or four sessions over 1 week, for up to 18
months (Kochneva et al., (2010)). 3—6 mg/m2 of 2-[1-hexyloxyethyl]-2-devinyl
pyropheophorbide-a (HPPH) has been administered 24–48 hr prior to exposure
to 150, 175, or 200 J/cm of 665 nm light (Nava et al., (2011)). In breast cancer
patients, Sonoflora 1 has been given sublingually 24 hr prior to sonodynamic and
photodynamic therapy, although information on treatment dose and duration is
unclear (Wang et al., (2009)).
• Herpes: 2—5 mg of chlorophyll per 1 g of cream or per 1 mL of saline solution
has been applied topically to herpes affected areas 3–6 times daily for an indeterminate
duration of time (Belenkii & Krikun, 1971).
• Sepsis: 1% ChlorophylliptR ethanol solution has been applied via bandage as
a prophylactic treatment to mitigate purulent-septic soft tissue complications;
however, information on dose and duration of treatment is unclear (Biliaieva,
Korzhyk, & Myronov, 2011).
Intravenous/Intramuscular
• Cancer treatment: 0.5–1.2 mg/kg of RadachlorinR has been administered intravenously
in combination with 200—300 J/cm2 of laser irradiation in two sessions
over 4 weeks, three sessions over 1 week, or four sessions over 1 week, for up to
18 months (Kochneva et al., (2010)).
• Pancreatitis: Infusion of 5–20 mg of water-soluble chlorophyll a has been taken
daily in 1–2 divided doses for periods of 3 days to 3 years, for a total chlorophyll
a intake of 30–1,960 mg (Yoshida et al., 1980).
Route of Administration:
Other
In Vitro Use Guide
Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22038065
Curator's Comment: Chlorophyll a inhibited bacterial lipopolysaccharide-induced TNF-α (a pro-inflammatory cytokine) gene expression in HEK293 cells, but it did not influence the expression of inducible nitric acid synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 genes. Chlorophyll b only marginally inhibited both inflammation and TNF-α gene expression. But both chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b showed the same level of marginal inhibition on 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate-induced NF-κB activation. Chlorophylls and pheophytins showed in vitro anti-oxidant activity.
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38 (Number of products:409)
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C764
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C366
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215-800-7
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m3428
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2388
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ACTIVE MOIETY