Cefdinir is an extended-spectrum, semisynthetic cephalosporin, for oral administration. As with other cephalosporins, bactericidal activity of cefdinir results from inhibition of cell wall synthesis. Cefdinir is stable in the presence of some, but not all, β-lactamase enzymes. Cefdinir is indicated for the treatment of: Community-Acquired Pneumonia, Acute Exacerbations of Chronic Bronchitis, Acute Maxillary Sinusitis, Pharyngitis/Tonsillitis and Uncomplicated Skin and Skin Structure Infections. Side effects include diarrhea, vaginal infections or inflammation, nausea, headache, and abdominal pain. Concomitant administration of 300-mg cefdinir capsules with 30 mL Maalox® TC suspension reduces the rate (Cmax) and extent (AUC) of absorption by approximately 40%. As with other β-lactam antibiotics, probenecid inhibits the renal excretion of cefdinir.

Cefpodoxime is an orally administered, extended spectrum, semi-synthetic antibiotic of the cephalosporin class. Cefpodoxime is a bactericidal agent that acts by inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. Cefpodoxime has activity in the presence of some beta-lactamases, both penicillinases and cephalosporinases, of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Cefpodoxime is indicated for the treatment of patients with mild to moderate infections caused by susceptible strains of the designated microorganisms in the conditions: acute otitis media; pharyngitis and/or tonsillitis; community-acquired pneumonia; acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis; gonorrhea; uncomplicated skin and skin structure infections; acute maxillary sinusitis and uncomplicated urinary tract infections (cystitis). Common adverse reactions include diarrhea, nausea, vaginal fungal infections, vulvovaginal infections, abdominal pain, headache. Concomitant administration of high doses of antacids (sodium bicarbonate and aluminum hydroxide) or H2 blockers reduces peak plasma levels by 24% to 42% and the extent of absorption by 27% to 32%, respectively. Oral anti-cholinergics (e.g., propantheline) delay peak plasma levels (47% increase in Tmax), but do not affect the extent of absorption (AUC). Probenecid: As with other beta-lactam antibiotics, renal excretion of cefpodoxime was inhibited by probenecid and resulted in an approximately 31% increase in AUC and 20% increase in peak cefpodoxime plasma levels.

Cefixime, an antibiotic, is a third-generation cephalosporin like ceftriaxone and cefotaxime. Cefixime is highly stable in the presence of beta-lactamase enzymes. As a result, many organisms resistant to penicillins and some cephalosporins due to the presence of beta-lactamases, may be susceptible to cefixime. The antibacterial effect of cefixime results from inhibition of mucopeptide synthesis in the bacterial cell wall. Like all beta-lactam antibiotics, cefixime binds to specific penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) located inside the bacterial cell wall, causing the inhibition of the third and last stage of bacterial cell wall synthesis. Cell lysis is then mediated by bacterial cell wall autolytic enzymes such as autolysins; it is possible that cefixime interferes with an autolysin inhibitor. Cefixime is sold under the brand name Suprax, indicated for the treatment of: Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections Otitis Media Pharyngitis and Tonsillitis Acute Exacerbations of Chronic Bronchitis Uncomplicated Gonorrhea (cervical/urethral)

Ceftazidime is a semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, beta-lactam antibiotic, used especially for Pseudomonas and other gram-negative infections in debilitated patients. Ceftazidime is used to treat lower respiratory tract, skin, urinary tract, blood-stream, joint, and abdominal infections, and meningitis. The drug is given intravenously (IV) or intramuscularly (IM) every 8–12 hours (two or three times a day), with dose and frequency varying by the type of infection, severity, and/or renal function of the patient. Injectable formulations of ceftazidime are currently nebulized "off-label" to manage Cystic Fibrosis, non-Cystic Fibrosis bronchiectasis, drug-resistant nontuberculous mycobacterial infections, ventilator-associated pneumonia, and post-transplant airway infections. Ceftazidime is generally well-tolerated. When side effects do occur, they are most commonly local effects from the intravenous line site, allergic reactions, and gastrointestinal symptoms. According to one manufacturer, in clinical trials, allergic reactions including itching, rash, and fever, happened in fewer than 2% of patients. Rare but more serious allergic reactions, such as toxic epidermal necrolysis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, and erythema multiforme, have been reported with this class of antibiotics, including ceftazidime. Gastrointestinal symptoms, including diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain, were reported in fewer than 2% of patients.

Ceftriaxone is a broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic with a very long half-life. Ceftriaxone is a bactericidal agent that acts by inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. Ceftriaxone has activity in the presence of some beta-lactamases, both penicillinases and cephalosporinases, of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. It is approved for the treatment of lower respiratory tract infections, acute bacterial otitis media, skin infections, urinary tract infections, pelvic inflammatory disease, bacterial septicemia, bone and joint infections, intraabdominal infection, meningitis, and surgical prophylaxis. Common adverse reactions include erythema multiforme, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, pseudomembranous enterocolitis, hemolytic anemia, hypersensitivity reaction, kernicterus, renal failure, and lung injury. Vancomycin, amsacrine, aminoglycosides, and fluconazole are incompatible with Ceftriaxone in admixtures. Precipitation of Ceftriaxone-calcium can occur when Ceftriaxone for Injection is mixed with calcium-containing solutions in the same intravenous administration line.

Ceftibuten is a 3rd generation cephalosporin that is FDA approved for the treatment of acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis, acute bacterial otitis media, pharyngitis and tonsillitis. Ceftibuten exerts its bactericidal action by binding to essential target proteins of the bacterial cell wall. This binding leads to inhibition of cell-wall synthesis. Common adverse reactions include diarrhea, nausea, vomiting and headache. The effect of increased gastric pH on the bioavailability of ceftibuten was evaluated in 18 healthy adult volunteers. Each volunteer was administered one 400-mg ceftibuten capsule. A single dose of liquid antacid did not affect the Cmax or AUC of ceftibuten; however, 150 mg of ranitidine q12h for 3 days increased the ceftibuten Cmax by 23% and ceftibuten AUC by 16%.

Ceftizoxime is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic, which can be administered intravenously or intramuscularly. It was sold under brand name, cefizox, but was removed from the US Market in 2007. Cefizox was used to treat different infections, such as lower respiratory tract infections caused by Klebsiella spp.; Proteus mirabilis; Escherichia coli; Haemophilus influenza; urinary tract Infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus (penicillinase¬ and nonpenicillinase¬producing); Escherichia coli; Pseudomonas spp. Also for treatment of gonorrhea including uncomplicated cervical and urethral gonorrhea caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae; pelvic inflammatory disease caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Escherichia coli or Streptococcus agalactiae; meningitis caused by Haemophilus influenza. In addition, some others infections. Cefizox has also been used successfully in the treatment of a limited number of pediatric and adult cases of meningitis caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. Infections caused by aerobic gram ¬negative and by mixtures of organisms resistant to other cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, or penicillins have responded to treatment with Cefizox. The bactericidal action of ceftizoxime results from inhibition of the third and last stage of bacterial cell wall synthesis. Bacterial cell wall autolytic enzymes such as autolysins then mediate cell lysis; it is possible that ceftizoxime interferes with an autolysin inhibitor. Ceftizoxime is highly resistant to a broad spectrum of beta -lactamases (penicillinase and cephalosporinase), including Richmond types II, III, TEM, IV, produced by both aerobic and anaerobic gram - positive and gram - negative organisms and I.

Cefoperazone (marketed under the name Cefobid) is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. Cefoperazone has a broad spectrum of activity: Respiratory Tract Infections caused by S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, S. aureus (penicillinase and non-penicillinase producing strains), S. pyogenes (Group A beta-hemolytic streptococci), P. aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, E. coli, Proteus mirabilis, and Enterobacter species. Peritonitis and Other Intra-abdominal Infections caused by E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and anaerobic gram-negative bacilli (including Bacteroides fragilis). Bacterial Septicemia caused by S. pneumoniae, S. agalactiae, S. aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus species (indole-positive and indole-negative), Clostridium spp. and anaerobic gram-positive cocci. Infections of the Skin and Skin Structures caused by S. aureus (penicillinase and non-penicillinase producing strains), S. pyogenes, and P. aeruginosa. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease, Endometritis, and Other Infections of the Female Genital Tract caused by N. gonorrhoeae, S. epidermidis, S. agalactiae, E. coli, Clostridium spp., Bacteroides species (including Bacteroides fragilis), and anaerobic gram-positive cocci. Cefobid has no activity against Chlamydia trachomatis. Therefore, when Cefobid is used in the treatment of patients with pelvic inflammatory disease and C. trachomatis is one of the suspected pathogens, appropriate anti-chlamydial coverage should be added. Urinary Tract Infections caused by Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Cefoperazone, a third-generation cephalosporin, interferes with cell wall synthesis by binding to the penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs), thus preventing cross-linking of nascent peptidoglycan. Cefoperazone is stable to penicillinases and has a high degree of stability to many beta-lactamases produced by gram-negative bacteria. When tested in vitro, cefoperazone has demonstrated synergistic interactions with aminoglycosides against gram-negative bacilli. As with all cephalosporins, hypersensitivity manifested by skin reactions or drug fever. Reversible neutropenia may occur with prolonged administration. Diarrhea or loose stools has been reported also.

Cefotaxime sodium is a semisynthetic, broad spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic for parenteral administration. It’s a 3rd Generation Cephalosporin that is FDA approved for the treatment of lower respiratory tract infections, genitourinary infections, gynecologic infections, bacteremia/septicemia, skin and skin structure infections, intra-abdominal infections, bone and/or joint infections and central nervous system infections. The bactericidal activity of cefotaxime sodium results from inhibition of cell wall synthesis. Cefotaxime sodium has in vitro activity against a wide range of gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Cefotaxime sodium has a high degree of stability in the presence of ß-lactamases, both penicillinases and cephalosporinases, of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Increased nephrotoxicity has been reported following concomitant administration of cephalosporins and aminoglycoside antibiotics. Common adverse reactions include injection site pain, injection site phlebitis, rash, diarrhea, vomiting. Increased nephrotoxicity has been reported following concomitant administration of cephalosporins and aminoglycoside antibiotics.

Cefixime, an antibiotic, is a third-generation cephalosporin like ceftriaxone and cefotaxime. Cefixime is highly stable in the presence of beta-lactamase enzymes. As a result, many organisms resistant to penicillins and some cephalosporins due to the presence of beta-lactamases, may be susceptible to cefixime. The antibacterial effect of cefixime results from inhibition of mucopeptide synthesis in the bacterial cell wall. Like all beta-lactam antibiotics, cefixime binds to specific penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) located inside the bacterial cell wall, causing the inhibition of the third and last stage of bacterial cell wall synthesis. Cell lysis is then mediated by bacterial cell wall autolytic enzymes such as autolysins; it is possible that cefixime interferes with an autolysin inhibitor. Cefixime is sold under the brand name Suprax, indicated for the treatment of: Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections Otitis Media Pharyngitis and Tonsillitis Acute Exacerbations of Chronic Bronchitis Uncomplicated Gonorrhea (cervical/urethral)