Argatroban is a synthetic direct thrombin inhibitor derived from L-arginine. Argatroban is a direct thrombin inhibitor that reversibly binds to the thrombin active site. Argatroban does not require the co-factor antithrombin III for antithrombotic activity. Argatroban exerts its anticoagulant effects by inhibiting thrombin-catalyzed or -induced reactions, including fibrin formation; activation of coagulation factors V, VIII, and XIII; protein C; and platelet aggregation. Argatroban is highly selective for thrombin with an inhibitory constant (Ki) of 0.04 µM. At therapeutic concentrations, Argatroban has little or no effect on related serine proteases (trypsin, factor Xa, plasmin, and kallikrein). Argatroban is capable of inhibiting the action of both free and clot-associated thrombin. Argatroban is indicated as an anticoagulant for prophylaxis or treatment of thrombosis in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Argatroban is indicated as an anticoagulant in patients with or at risk for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).

Bivalirudin is a synthetic 20 amino acid peptide rationally designed based on structural studies of hirudin, a naturally occurring anticoagulant. Bivalirudin is sold under the brand name Angiomax and is indicated for use as an anticoagulant in patients with unstable angina undergoing percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA). It is intended for use with aspirin and has been studied only in patients receiving concomitant aspirin. Bivalirudin directly inhibits thrombin by binding simultaneously to its active catalytic site and its substrate recognition site.

Desirudin (Iprivask), a recombinant hirudin, is a parenteral direct thrombin inhibitor approved to prevent venous thromboembolism in patients undergoing elective hip replacement surgery. Desirudin is a potent inhibitor of both clot-bound and freely circulating thrombin. Desirudin acts independently of anti-thrombin, forming a noncovalent irreversible complex with both the active site of thrombin as well as the fibrinogen binding site. This Desirudin–thrombin complex prevents fibrinogen cleavage and other thrombin catalyzed reactions such as the activation of clotting factors V, VIII and XIII, and thrombininduced platelet activation, resulting in a dose-dependent prolongation of activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT). Desirudin is highly selective and has no effect on plasmin, factors IXa and Xa, tissue plasminogen activator, activated protein C, trypsin, chymotrypsin or complement activation pathways. Bleeding complications reported with the use of desirudin in patients undergoing hip-replacement surgery are similar to those reported with heparin and enoxaparin.

Lepirudin is a direct thrombin inhibitor obtained by recombinant technology from the medicinal leech and used for treatment of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT). Lepirudin was the first direct thrombin inhibitor approved and most frequently used for the treatment of patients with HIT. The efficacy of lepirudin for HIT has been shown to improve general outcomes in patients with HIT, reducing a primary composite endpoint of new thrombosis, all-cause amputation, and all-cause death. Lepirudin forms a stable non-covalent complex with alpha-thrombin, thereby abolishing its ability to cleave fibrinogen and initiate the clotting cascade. It is a highly potent, selective, and essentially irreversible inhibitor of thrombin and clot-bond thrombin. Lepirudin is identical to natural hirudin except for substitution of leucine for isoleucine at the N-terminal end of the molecule and the absence of a sulfate group on the tyrosine at position 63.

Argatroban is a synthetic direct thrombin inhibitor derived from L-arginine. Argatroban is a direct thrombin inhibitor that reversibly binds to the thrombin active site. Argatroban does not require the co-factor antithrombin III for antithrombotic activity. Argatroban exerts its anticoagulant effects by inhibiting thrombin-catalyzed or -induced reactions, including fibrin formation; activation of coagulation factors V, VIII, and XIII; protein C; and platelet aggregation. Argatroban is highly selective for thrombin with an inhibitory constant (Ki) of 0.04 µM. At therapeutic concentrations, Argatroban has little or no effect on related serine proteases (trypsin, factor Xa, plasmin, and kallikrein). Argatroban is capable of inhibiting the action of both free and clot-associated thrombin. Argatroban is indicated as an anticoagulant for prophylaxis or treatment of thrombosis in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Argatroban is indicated as an anticoagulant in patients with or at risk for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).