CTCE-9908 is an anticancer agent that inhibits CXCR4. The CXCR4 receptor is present on most human tumors cells, including lung, breast, prostate, colon, ovarian, bone, brain, and skin cancer, and a high level of the receptor is related to low survival rate. The peptide analog of CXCL12, CTCE-9908 was designed to block ligand binding to the CXCR4 receptor. CTCE-9908 has been shown to effectively inhibit primary tumor growth, and reduce metastases in several types of cancer. CTCE-9908 was shown to be well tolerated.

Leupeptin is produced by various species of Actinomycetes. It strongly inhibits proteolysis by plasmin, trypsin and papin. Leupeptin is well absorbed through oral route. Leupeptin has been known to cause various neuropathological changes in vivo resembling those of aging or neurodegenerative processes in the human brain, including the accumulation of neuronal processes and neuronal cytoskeletal abnormalities leading to neurofibrillary tangle (NFT)-like formations. In in vitro experiments, leupeptin protects the heart from myocardial stunning. Leupeptin was found to inhibit tumorigenesis in mouse skin induced by a single, noncarcinogenic dose of 7,12- dimethylbenz(a)anthracene followed by repeated application of croton oil. Tumors that had already been induced were scarcely affected by leupeptin.

Gentamicin C2 together with epimer C2a is a part of the antibiotic of the aminoglycoside group, gentamicin. Gentamicin C2 has a methyl group in the 6′ position. Gentamicin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that binds to the prokaryotic ribosome, inhibiting protein synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Gentamicin is bactericidal in vitro against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

Growth hormone releasing hexapeptide (GHRP-6) is a synthetic met-enkephalin analog that induces the release of growth hormone in vivo through binding of the ghrelin receptor. GHRP-6 increases proliferation in astrocytes through a mechanism that involves PI3K/Akt signaling. GHRP-6 also inhibits development of restraint stress-induced gastric lesions and reverses ovariectomy-induced effects on serum glucose and insulin levels. Additionally, GHRP-6 decreases locomotor activity and increases food intake in vivo. Essentially a synthetic version of ghrelin analogue, GHRP-6 (like GHRP-2) stimulates the release of an endogenous growth hormone (GH) within the somatotropes of the anterior pituitary in the animal and human body. Specifically, GHRP-6 will increase the number of somatotropes in a GH pulse by limiting the amount of somatostatin present, while standard GHRH increases the amplitude at which the pituitary cells pulse. Unlike ghrelin, GHRP-6 is not specifically used to increase appetite, but it may have secondary actions that impact hypothalamic neurons. These effects last for approximately an hour after the initial application, which mimics the natural application of GH, and consists of an eight hour circulation period. In studies GHRP-6 has shown biological actions similar to the naturally occurring hunger stimulating peptide ghrelin. Its main use is to promote food intake by stimulating hunger and aid in energy metabolism. It can be used in the treatment of GH deficiency as well as cachexia, eating disorders and obesity. GHRP-6 is a synthetic met-enkephalin (a naturally occurring opioid growth factor) analog. GHRP-6 contains D-amino acids that are entirely synthetic, lacks opioid activity, and shares no sequence relation with GHRH. It has also been shown that GHRP-6 can lead to re-stimulation of the natural production of HGH. Studies have shown that GHRP-6 increases the secretion of IGF-1 (InsulinLike Growth Factor 1) by the liver, which is speculated to be a required component in the anabolic mechanisms leading to the action of HGH. It also appears that GHRP-6 has positive implications for the central nervous system, as ghrelin is known to protect neurons.