Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36 amino acid peptide neurotransmitter, which is widely expressed in the central and peripheral nervous systems of mammals. Neuropeptide Y has an important role in the stimulation of the appetite and is relevant to the pathophysiology of anxiety and depressionNeuropeptide Y is one of the most potent stimulators of feeding. At least five distinct G-protein coupled receptors (Y1, Y2, Y4, Y5, and Y6) mediate the actions of NPY. In rodents, repeated administration of Neuropeptide Y leads to hyperphagia and obesity associated with decreased thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue, hyperinsulinemia, hypercorticosteronaemia, reduced plasma testosterone concentrations, and insulin resistance in skeletal muscle. In the cardiovascular system Neuropeptide Y is found in neurons supplying the vasculature, cardiomyocytes, and endocardium, and is involved in physiological processes including vasoconstriction, cardiac remodeling, and angiogenesis. It is increasingly also implicated in cardiovascular disease pathogenesis, including hypertension, atherosclerosis, ischemia/infarction, arrhythmia, and heart failure. Neuropeptide Y is considered to be an anxiolytic endogenous peptide and its levels can be modulated by stress and it may also play a role in the etiology and pathophysiology of posttraumatic stress disorder.

Нeparin (or Unfractionated heparin ) is an anticoagulant indicated for both the prevention and treatment of thrombotic events such as deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) as well as atrial fibrillation (AF). Heparin can also be used to prevent excess coagulation during procedures such as cardiac surgery, extracorporeal circulation or dialysis, including continuous renal replacement therapy. Heparin administration can be by intravenous (or subcutaneous route. Intravenous heparin is continuously administered for therapeutic anticoagulation, while intermittent subcutaneous administration is used to prevent thromboembolism. Once administered, heparin binds reversibly to antithrombin III (ATIII) and greatly accelerates the rate at which ATIII inactivates coagulation enzymes thrombin (factor IIa) and factor Xa. The heparin-ATIII complex can also inactivate factors IX, XI, XII, and plasmin, but the antithrombotic effect of heparin is well correlated to the inhibition of factor Xa. Typical adverse effects from heparin use include bleeding, thrombocytopenia, injection site reactions, and other adverse effects only seen with chronic heparin administration. Bleeding is a major complication associated with heparin use. Patients should undergo monitoring for new bleeding that may present in the urine or stool. Bleeding may also present as bruising, petechial rash and nosebleeds.